Lithium and Bipolar Disorder
INTRODUCTION
The drug lithium has been used for a variety of disorders such as
gout, diabetes, and epilepsy for over 100 years. It was not until
1949 when John Cade discovered that lithium had a calming effect
on guinea pigs that the possibilities of it being used for mania
were explored (Paykel, 1992). Since then, lithium has been
established as one of the primary treatments for manic depression
disorder. In the body of this paper we will explore the chemistry
of lithium, the synaptic transmitters involved, the parts of the
neuron affected, the inhibitory and excitatory potential changes,
the ion channels effected, the physiological changes, the primary
behavior changes, the side effect behavior changes and the effects
reported by users.
CHEMISTRY
Lithium is a chemical element found in group IA of the periodic
table, along with sodium, rubidium, and cesium. Lithium has an
atomic number of 3, and an atomic weight of 6.94. In general,
lithium is more stable than hydrogen, and slightly less stable
than nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen. When looking at chemical ion
properties, it is useful to consider three main characteristics:
the size, or radius, of the ion, the charge, and the ion's
electron affinity. Lithium has a similar charge to radius ratio to
that of magnesium, which is in group IIA of the periodic table,
and so chemists say that the two elements are "chemically
similar." Lithium has low electron affinity in general, but it is
strong compared to other alkali metal cations and therefore is
highly polarizing (Williams, 1973). Lithium is the lightest known
solid element, and when dissolved in liquid ammonia it has the
lowest known dens...
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Schildkraut, J.J. 1974. The Effects of Lithium on Norepinephrine
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Shou, Mogens. 1973. Preparations, Dosage and Control. In Gershon,
S. and Baron Shopsin (Eds.), Lithium: its Role in Psychiatric
Research and Treatment. (pp.189). New York: Plenum.
Small, J, and Small, I. 1973. Pharmacology: Neurophysiology of
Lithium. In Gershon, S. and Baron Shopsin (Eds.), Lithium: its
Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment. (pp.83). New York:
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Williams, R.J.P. 1973. The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Lithium.
In Gershon, S. and Baron Shopsin (Eds.), Lithium: its Role in
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After viewing the panel discussion about how our local school districts have implemented English Language Learning in their school, I am very intrigued. From what I gathered the field of ELL is a growing industry in education, especially in Colorado Springs. We have ELL’s students coming from all over the world. Here in Colorado Springs alone, school districts have to accommodate for over fifty different languages spoken by ELL’s. I can only imagine the challenge that comes with such a diverse group of non- English speakers in our community schools.
Some Cambodians were shot. Others were hit over the head with hammers. Some Cambodians were executed by having their heads and other body parts cut off. At the end of the Cambodian Genocide (i.e. 1975-1979) over 2,400,000 innocent people were killed by the Khmer Rouge.
-Healy David. Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 2008. Print
Geddes, J. R., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2013). Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1672-1682. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60857-0
The Cambodian Genocide was a trial and error of someone trying to make all people equal. Khmer Rouge had approximately 1.7 million people executed attempting to equal everyone out and make the world a “better” place. Although he tried very hard at this, he of course failed and and all of his attempts were, in the end pointless.
Bipolar disorder is more common than thought. It is being more diagnoised in younger ages than adults. There are a few causes and triggers of biplolar disorder. There are numerous signs and symptoms of mania and depression. Bipolar disorder in children and adults differ in a few ways. Three differents types of treatments are avilable. There is also a few places to go for help. Bipolar disorder can be can lead to serious issues if left untreated thats why its important to be educated about bipolar to help loved ones.
A genocide can be classified as the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a specific ethnic race or or group. All genocides start with certain beliefs. These beliefs grows as they spread to large groups of people. If taken too far these beliefs can negatively impact the lives of many as well as all the future generations to come. When one thinks of genocide they usually only think of the suffering inflicted on the different ethnic groups as well as the devastating losses that ensue. Most do not consider the effects of genocide on countries and people after it happens. Genocide not only impacts the group of people who are persecuted but also the generations of people who come later. The Cambodian Genocide was one
2Li : H2 2 : 1 ratio 0.0154 : 0.077 Lithium = 0.0154 moles Relative atomic mass of Lithium. Ar = MASS _0.
In the example provided in regards to the blood specimen mislabeled case study, Mary, who is a medical assistant has made an error and when realizing her mistake has made a bad judgment call. Instead of taking responsibility for her actions and to avoid any repercussions, Mary decided not to correct the mislabeled blood samples in hopes the results for both patients will come back negative and the mistake will never be found. Mary does not clearly understand how the results of her actions could harm the patients instead of only seeing what possible problems it could cause for herself. I can see how this choice may seem harmless to a person and from an egoist perspective be viewed as doing what would be in the best interest for one’s self in the long term. Keith Goree, et al. (2013) Long term effects could mean that Mary would be fired and she would be out of a job, also it could prevent her from being able to ga...
“Modern-day slavery and the sex trade in the United States has become a $28 billion dollar industry, rivaling drug trafficking” (Tomas 1). “Human trafficking is the fastest growing crime and the third largest organized crime in the world after the drug and arms trade. UNICEF estimates that 5.5 million children are trafficked globally every year”(Ezeobi 2). “Dec. 6 of this year marks 150 years since the ratification of the 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery in the United States”(Krulak 1). “In spite of more than a decade of efforts to rescue victims and raise awareness, the overall problem of modern-day slavery is actually getting worse” (Krulak 2). “Human trafficking is the fastest growing criminal enterprise in the world”(Krulak 2). “We’ve seen increases in trafficking case filed, prosecuted and convicted”(Perez 1). “The NHTRC received reports of 9,298 unique cases of human trafficking”(Lee 2). “Of those cases, 64% involved sex trafficking, 22% involved labor trafficking, nearly 3% involved both sex and labor trafficking”(Lee 2). An additional 12% were unspecified”(Lee 2). “The National Center for missing and Exploited Children says at least 100,000 children across the country ate trafficked each year”(Alcindor 1). “Polaris project, a non-profit that runs the national human trafficking hotline, has received 58, 911 calls since December 2007”(Alcindor 3). At least 2,081 callers have identified themselves as a
The Cambodian Genocide took place from 1975 to 1979 in the Southeastern Asian country of Cambodia. The genocide was a brutal massacre that killed 1.4 to 2.2 million people, about 21% of Cambodia’s population. This essay, will discuss the history of the Cambodian genocide, specifically, what happened, the victims and the perpetrators and the world’s response to the genocide.
Many people believe that slavery has been a worldwide issue that was left in the past, however, it is still a part of society today and is now known as human trafficking. Human trafficking is defined as a hidden crime understate, federal and international law that involves the exploitation of a person through the use of fraud, coercion or mental and physical abuse (DEF). Throughout the world, many human beings are being trafficked across countries. According to the Washington Post, there are about 30 million slaves in the world and 60,000 in the US (EVD). Human trafficking is more pervasive in Ending Human Trafficking
“Injuries of human dignity and Human rights of a globalized society. Nobody may be held in slavery or peonage; Slavery and slave trade are in all forms forbidden”. These are the words of the Universal declaration of human rights (United Nations, 1948).Human trafficking is just another name for modern-day slavery, where the victims involved are forced and deceived into labor and sexual exploitation. Exploitation referring to using others for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, or the removal of organs. The numbers are scary. Almost 600,000 to 800,000 women and children are annually trafficked across national borders. This does not count for the numbers that are trafficked within their own countries. Human trafficking is very much hidden and accurate data and the extent of nature of human trafficking are hard to calculate. Trafficked victims are often in dangerous positions and may be unwilling and too scared to jeopardize their lives to report or seek help from authorities. Victims live daily with emotional and physical abuse, inhumane treatment, and threats to their families, like they are going to torture...
Schmied, L. A., Steinberg, H., & Sykes, E. A. B. (2006). Psychopharmacology's debt to experimental psychology. History of Psychology, 9, 144-157.
Human trafficking is the second most criminal industries in the world that exploits the lives of women and children. They take the children from their home and make them work in horrible condition for hours and pay them little money. The women are some time turn into sex slaves. As stated in Kiener (2012) each year more than 5,000 women and children from Malawi for sex exploitation aboard (p.475). People sometimes put their selves in the situation to get taking, because they are desperately trying to leave their current situation. Even though slavery was banned world wide it still occurs today and millions of people are victims each year. Mam said “people think slavery ended years ago” (as citied in Kiener, 2012, p.475). Human trafficking is thriving and making money almost thirty-two billion dollars a year in profits. Shelley argued growing dramatically since the mid- 1900s, thanks to factors like the ending of the Cold War, disappearing boarders, globalization, economies and growth of international crime syndicates (as citied in Kiener, 2012, p.477). Profits are soaring because prices are so little. The need of slave labor is high and inexpensive. Since there are so many slaves the traffickers do not have to spend money or take care of the slave. The trafficker may dump or killed them.