Oswald Avery was born October 21st 1877 in Halifax Canada and died on February 20th 1955 in Nashville Tennessee. He was the son of a Baptist preacher and it was his father`s job that brought him to the United States. Oswald attended Colgate College and received his bachelor’s degree. He later attended Columbia University where he received his medical degree. Avery worked as a doctor for several years until he realized his real love was research. In 1907, Oswald took a job at Hoagland Laboratory. Hoagland was the first bacterial laboratory that was private owned by the United States. While working there most of his research was centered around different strands of bacterial and their immunological reactions. Avery`s clinical study on tuberculosis bacterium drew the attention of the director of the Rockefeller Institute Hospital which later resulted in a job offer for Oswald. After joining Rockefeller Institute, he began a study on Streptococcus Pneumococci. Through this study Avery was able to classify different types of Pneumococci and found that he could stimulate the production of anti-bodies. Avery began to believe that the Pneumonia …show more content…
His study went on for many years and he felt like giving up many times. However, it was his dedication to what he believed about the genetic process that made him continue with his study. Before Oswald and his fellow coworker’s discovery most scientist believed genetic properties were located in cell protein. It was after the study conducted by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty scientist realized DNA makes up chromosomes and genes and is therefore responsible for heredity. Oswald had planned on retiring however he put it on hold until his research was complete. In 1944 Avery, and his fellow coworkers MacLeod and McCarty wrote of their discovery in the Journal of Experimental
“Ah, the creative process is the same secret in science as it is in art,” said Josef Mengele, comparing science to an art. He was less of an artist and more of a curious, debatably crazy, doctor. He was a scientist in Nazi Germany. In general, there was a history of injustice in the world targeting a certain race. When Mengele was around, there were very few medical regulations, so no consent had to be given for doctors to take patients’ cells and other tests done on the patients’ bodies without their consent. This was the same time that Henrietta Lacks lived. Henrietta Lacks was an African American woman who went to the doctor because she had cervical cancer. Her cells were taken and are still alive in culture today (Skloot 41). Hence, her cells were nicknamed Immortal (Skloot 41). Although many, at the time, saw no issue with using a patient without consent issue with what?, on numerous occasions since then courts have determined that having consent is necessary for taking any cells. The story of Henrietta lacks is has similarities to an episode of Law and Order titled Immortal, which is an ethical conundrum. Despite this, the shows are not exactly the same and show differences between them. Both of these stories, one supposedly fictional, can also be compared to the injustices performed by Josef Mengele in Nazi Germany.
The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States marked a tragic historical moment in American history. The president was fatally shot by a sniper while traveling with his wife, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally’s wife in a presidential motorcade at 12.30 pm on Friday, November 22, 1963. JFK was pronounced dead shortly after rushing to Parkland Hospital, where a tracheostomy and other efforts failed to keep him alive. Although Lee Harvey Oswald, a former United States Marine was convicted of the crime, the purpose behind the assassination remained inclusive as Oswald’s case never came to trial as he got shot to death two days later by Jack Ruby, a local nightclub operator in Texas. The assassination raised many questions and theories concerning the murder. As Oswald’s motives remain unknown, many scholars and investigators yearned to find the key to this mysterious crime, and came up with plausible theories searching for motives behind the assassination. While some straightforwardly blamed Oswald for the murder, claiming Oswald’s personal motives as the cause and supported the theory of the Lone Gunman, many developed more critical theories concerning conspiracies connecting the involvement of Cuba, Russia, the Central Intelligence Agency and the 36th President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson. The Warren Commission was established by President Johnson to exclusively investigate the assassination. The Commission published a detailed report and concluded that Oswald acted alone. The deficiency of the Warren Commission’s evidence to support its theory along with the cordial relationship between JFK and the CIA refute both the Lone Gunman theory and conspiracies involving the CIA in...
“How awful it is for that person which suffers this great wrath and infinite misery!”(Edwards 89-90). This is the best example of Edwards doing what he does best in his sermons; using literary devices to scare people. Why would anyone do this? Well, he uses fear for persuasion. How he does this is carefully and delicately layered in his words. Edwards uses loaded language, vivid imagery, and specific types of sentences in order to scare his audience into becoming better Puritans.
John Wilkes Booth infamously known for the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln was himself an interesting personality. The man was a well-known American stage actor at the Ford’s theatre, Washington. Booth believed slavery was a part of the American way of life and strongly opposed president Lincoln’s view on abolition of slavery in the United States.
Ken Griffey Jr., Barry Bonds, Ozzie Smith, and Tony Gwynn; What do they all have in common? They are all some of the most famous African-American baseball players to ever play in the Major Leagues. One man, though, made it possible for all of them to play in the Major Leagues. That man’s name is Jackie Robinson. Although Jackie Robinson faced many adversities throughout his lifetime, he persevered and became the first African-American in Major League Baseball, breaking the color barrier and changing the world of baseball forever.
with news and debates about Steven Avery's innocents or guilt. Avery had more than just twenty minutes of fame, but a whole documentary series on Netflix called “How to Make a Murderer”. Avery was convicted for a sexual assault in 1985, but found wrongfully committed after serving 18 years in 2003. He was found innocent by DNA evidence discovered from another sexually assault case matching a man that looked similar to Avery.
A tragic event is difficult to endure, but it can be one that helps a nation in the long run. The event can bring light to a bigger issue, or it can be the final straw before conflict arises. Emmett Till was a fourteen year-old boy, black boy that was brutally murdered by two white men in Mississippi in 1955. The murder of Emmett Till was a shocking event that made the country stronger because it brought both African-Americans and whites in the fight for equality.
The beginning of Malcolm’s life shaped who he was and would become in the near future. No one would 've thought that this “red” boy from Omaha, Nebraska would play such a huge role in the civil rights movement. Malcolm went through a lot of changes including where he lived, his views on men and women, the way he felt towards society, and even his religion.
At no time was a search for the cure for influenza more frantic than after the devastating effects of the pandemic of 1918. The pandemic killed somewhere between twenty and a hundred million people, making it twenty five times more deadly than the ordinary cough and sneeze flu. The symptoms of this flu were like something straight out of a horror movie: the victim’s facial complexion changed to a dark, brownish purple, the feet turned black, and they began to cough up blood. Eventually, death was caused, literally by drowning, when the victim’s lungs filled with their own blood. The first scientist to claim to solve the enigma of influenza was Dr. Friedrich Johann Pfeiffer. He isolated a bacterium he named Hemophilus influenzae from the respiratory tract of those who had the flu in the pandemic of 1890. He was believed to be correct in his discovery until the pandemic of 1918, when scientists searched the respiratory tracts of influenza victims and only sometimes found his bacterium. Robert E. Shope and his mentor Paul Lewis were the next to attempt to crack the code of influenza. They chose to study the disease in pigs, a controversial choice because many people believed that the swine influenza pigs were contracting was not the same as the human flu. The first experiment they ran was ba...
Jackie Robinson once said that “"A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives." (Brainy Quotes). Jackie Robinson faced more abuse than any other baseball player. Jackie Robinson had his mind set on breaking the color barrier for African Americans. Jackie Robinson had the muscle strength and talent to inspire and change the color barrier in Major League baseball. Jackie Robinson was one of the most significant baseball players that America has ever known for Jackie Robinson’s bravery to stop the color barrier for, his inspiration he gave to people all around the world and for his accomplishments during baseball and outside of baseball this made him one of the most valuable players in the National League.
Here, John used Rosalind’s experience with X-rays on DNA fibers. Using the X-ray diffraction techniques she learned from Jacques Mering, Rosalind along with her student, Raymond Gosling, discovered something that would change the world of genetics forever: the structure of DNA. Not only did Rosalind and Raymond find the structure of DNA, but they figured out that there were two types of DNA structures: a dry and a wet form. Even though Rosalind and Raymond were the true founders of the DNA structure, they were never truly given credit on this matter. What caused this was Rosalind’s conflict with her colleague, Maurice Wilkins. This conflict would cost Rosalind quite a lot in the determination of DNA’s structure. In 1953, Wilkins did a deed that would change the history of DNA’s structure discovery forever. Without Rosalind nor Raymond’s consent, she showed the picture of the wet form of DNA taken by Rosalind and her student to James Watson and Francis Crick, who were both also in the race of finding the structure of DNA.3 Later in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick published what they saw in Rosalind's image of DNA, titled Photo 51. This led to their winning the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1962.2 Although Rosalind wasn't credited greatly by James and Francis when they published the image of DNA’s structure, overall, her findings have helped the world
Coretta Scott King was one of the most important women leaders in the world. Working side-by-side with her husband, she took part in the Montgomery Bus Boycott and worked to pass the Civil Rights Act. After King's death, she founded The King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta. Mrs. King traveled around the world speaking out on behalf of racial and economic justice, women’s and children’s rights, religious freedom, the needs of the poor and homeless, full-employment, health care, educational opportunities, and environmental justice.
A remarkable breakthrough in medicine occurred in the late 1800s through the work of Louis Pasteur. Pasteur's experiments showed that bacteria reproduce like other living things and travel from place to place. Using the results of his findings, he developed pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation. He also produced an anthrax vaccine as well as a way to weaken the rabies virus. After studying Pasteur's work, Joseph Lister developed antisepsis, which is the process of killing disease-causing germs. In 1865 before an operation, he cleansed a leg wound first with carbolic acid, and performed the surgery with sterilized (by heat) instruments. The wound healed, and the patient survived. Prior to surgery, the patient would've needed an amputation. However, by incorporating these antiseptic procedures in all of his surgeries, he decreased postoperative deaths. The use of antiseptics eventually helped reduce bacterial infection not only in surgery but also in childbirth and in the treatment of battle wounds. Another man that made discoveries that reinforced those of Pasteur's was Robert Koch. Robert Koch isolated the germ that causes tuberculosis, identified the germ responsible for Asiatic cholera, and developed sanitary measures to prevent disease. (1)
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...
The King is dead and Lord Tywin is asking Tommen, his grandson (the new King) what he thinks what makes a good King. Tommen lists off attributes such as; holiness, just, and strength. Lord Tywin, agrees that these are all good qualities to have. However, he says holiness is a naïve characteristic to have as a King [leader]. Tywin, explains that being a just King [leader] can leave you in a vulnerable place if you are not careful. Furthermore, having strength as a King [leader] is a very powerful characteristic to have when you have some many others looking towards to lead. But, all of these King [leader] attributes are nothing on their own, you can not have one without the others, but there is something missing in this picture. Tommen points out that they (pervious Kings) all lacked wisdom.