Week 7 Assignment 1—Metabolism
Ketosis develops in the postabsorptive state. What is ketosis? Why does it develop? What metabolic effects does it have?
Ketosis means our bodies are using fat for energy. Ketones (also called ketone bodies) are molecules generated during fat metabolism. Most of the fats our bodies break down for energy is converted into ATP, which is the “energy molecule.” Ketones are produced as part of the process. When people eat fewer carbohydrates, more ketones are generated. Some of these ketones (acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate) are used for energy; the heart muscle and kidneys prefer ketones to glucose. Most of the cells in the body can use ketones as part of their energy. However, this is not true for acetone which cannot be used, and is excreted as waste mostly in the urine and breath. Sometimes a metabolic condition develops that causes a distinct odor in the breath. If there is enough acetone in the urine which can be detected with a Ketostix, this detection in the urine is called “ketosis.” Another metabolic condition is Ketoacidosis which can develop in people with Type 1 diabetes which may be confused with normal ketosis. (lowcarbdiet.about.com)
What happens during protein catabolism? How is this related to nitrogen balance?
. The body can synthase 100,000 to 140,000 different proteins with various forms functions, and structures. Each of these proteins contains some of the same 20 amino acids. In normal conditions, cellular proteins are recycled in the cytosol, peptide bonds are broken, and the free amino acids are used in new proteins. If other energy sources are inadequate, mitochondria can generate ATP by breaking down amino acids in the TCA cycle. The average ATP yield is similar to that o...
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...e concentrations in blood and the amount excreted in urine in a 24-hour period, a clinician can easily estimate the GFR. GFR is equal to the amount secreted divided by the plasma concentration. The GFR is usually reported in milliliters per minute. A more accurate GFR determination can be performed using insulin, which is not metabolized in the body, and is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidney tubules. During a single day, the glomeruli generate about 180 liters (48 gal) of filtrate, nearly 70 times the total plasma volume, 99 percent of which is reabsorbed. This factor makes you appreciate tubular reabsorption!
Reference
Martini, Frederic H. & Nath, Judi L. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. 8th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2008. Vital Book file. South University. http://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/0558542387/id/ch26lev2sec8
Oatis C. (2009) Kinesiology: The Mechanics & Pathomechanics of Human Movement (Second ed.). Glenside, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Isn’t everyone’s goal in life to be able to achieve something amazing? Better yet what about setting great goals as an individual? Wouldn’t you like to better yourself as a person? As Arnold Schwarzenegger once said “you can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets”, this simply meaning that a person must be “hungry” and have a great drive to be able to achieve greatness. The feeling of greatness and satisfaction that a person will get from being a healthy, fit individual is unexplainable. Being satisfied with your own body is a very important factor to life itself. People that are healthy are known to live healthy lifestyles as well as to be great in age. There is no negative sides to being healthy, people that are healthy are happy. I plan to take an individual and better them by training them and making them a healthier person. The steps I will go through in order to make this happen are steps such as training the person, making a nutritional plan for them, and being there to support them along the journey. I will be training the person using some fundamentals that have worked for majority of world-class athletes. I plan to use simple bodybuilding tactics as my muscle builder, such as old school techniques that Arnold Schwarzenegger used in the golden ages of the sport itself. As my research has shown, my client and I are both pleased with the “golden era” physiques and we plan to make a healthy/fit body molded like the bodies of that “era”. In this project my client and I have decided to base the “nutritional plan” as a high protein/Low carb diet, which I will release in this paper. Through out this project, it should be well know that this is not an easy sport! And the discipline to stick with it is extre...
Marieb, E. N., (2006). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier
There are many different things that can go wrong in our bodies. A metabolic disorder can be one. There are many different kinds that maybe deadly if left untreated and others can be treated but still left to deal with for the rest of one's life. One disorder can be glycogen storage disorder this can affect many different age groups from new born to the elderly. It deals with the function of the body to obtain its greatest source from which it obtains energy from. It deals with glucose, now there are many different categories that can fall under this. Because the body will store glucose as glycogen then reconvert it back, now this is where the problem is found. The bodies of some individuals lack enzymes or an enzyme that is needed to convert it back. Because some lack the enzymes it is hereditary meaning you can be born with this. The human body is very fragile in that if one thing goes wrong you can count on that it will be affecting everything else that's around it and so on. So you may appreciate how well the body can adapt to things. Glycogen storage disorder is one that can lead to death if it is left without treatment in some cases or even failure of other parts of the body.
Our body needs energy to carry out its functions properly. This energy is synthesized from the food we eat. Our body breaks down the food we take in and then build up the required materials for a healthy functioning of our body. Glucose, a simple sugar or monosaccharide that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion, is a primary source of energy for living things. (Taber’s, 2005). Glucose gets absorbed from our intestines and distributed by the bloodstream to all of the cells in our body. If the supply of glucose is more than required, our body stores the excess amount of glucose as glycogen, a chain of glucose. If there is shortage in other hand, our body uses the stored...
Mink Intro – External Anatomy Overview. (n.d.). mreroh.com . Retrieved May 27, 2014, from http://www.mreroh.com/student/apdocs/Dissection/Intro%20-%20External%20Anatomy.pdf
In total, there are around 20 amino acids that the human body uses to build proteins.
‘Ketoacidosis’ is a common complication, especially of Type 1 Diabetes. It is the accumulation of ketones and acids in the blood. When the cells cannot utilize glucose as a source of fuel, they breakdown the fats and lead to development of ketoacidosis.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious disease with complications that may have fatal results in some cases. DKA is defined as an insulin deficiency that occurs when glucose fails to enter insulin into muscles such as: liver and adipose tissue. When there is an accumulation of ketones, it leads to metabolic acidosis which causes nausea and vomiting, as a result fluid and electrolytes are lost (Gibbs). There are many complications of diabetic ketoacidosis, some of the most prevalent are: Cerebral Edema, Hypoglycemia, and Acute Pancreatitis.
Thibodeau, G & Patton, K. (2008) Structure and Function for the Body. 13th Edition. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.
Ketogenic diets, often called low-carbohydrate (low carb is slang), seem to be the latest diet trend. There are many different forms, all varying in different degrees. Ketogenic diets focus primarily on the limited intake of carbohydrates in the food pyramid. In order to clearly understand ketogenic diets, one must start with the basics-what are ketones and where are ketones found and produced???
Hoehn, K. & Marieb, E. N. (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology, Seventh Ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Many women’s and men’s health magazines and products advertise the greatness and effectiveness of low carb diets, when in fact this diet can be dangerous to your health. It is required that the average women intakes 130 grams of carbohydrates each day, and the average male intakes 150 grams of carbs. This diet limits the intake to less than 30 grams per day. (Thrifty Living, 2014) When very little carbohydrates are consumed, the body responds by burning muscle tissue for the glycogen, or stored glucose it contains. The body also reduces the amount of blood sugar and insulin. When the glycogen stores start to run out, the body has nothing left to use as an energy source, thus resorting to burning fat. Though this is what people aim for, it is a very inefficient and unhealthy way to do so; and it complicates the production of blood sugar. The body has no source of glycogen, and therefore creates blood sugar via body fat. This process creates ketones, and puts the body in a state of ketosis. (Reader’s Digest, 2014) Essentially, ketosis is when fat is being used as the body’s main energy source, but has many side effects to it. Bad breath, fatigue, a metallic taste in the mouth, ...