I am writing this letter to urge you to support the research efforts on Karenia Brevis, or Red Tide. A natural phenomenon I am sure you are aware of. Karenia Brevis is an extremely invasive species that creates a state of turmoil for the Gulf of Mexico’s ecosystem. This harmful algal bloom is not only responsible for the destruction to marine species, but is harmful to human health. Red Tide is also responsible for the loss of millions of dollars in profit and revenue for coastal industries and towns. There are ongoing research experiments testing ways to control Red tide before it can cause its damage, but support and funding is desperately needed.
There are many factors that contribute to the growth and spread of this harmful algal blooms, or HABs. According to livescience.com, “low salinity levels, a high nutrient content and warmer than usual water temperatures “, directly contribute to the growth of Red Tide. Another event that can trigger a massive red tide bloom is dust from the Sahara desert settles onto the water during rain events,
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Brevetoxin exposure affects all types of fish, this toxin causes corkscrew swimming patterns, pectoral fin paralysis, and curvature of the caudal fin. Basically, the fish die because their gills can no longer function properly. Red tide is responsible for the deaths of nearly 840 bottlenose dolphins since 1988. The dolphins were tested by researchers and all tested positive for brevetoxins either found in their lungs from inhale the toxins or in their digestive tracks from ingesting contaminated prey. (myfwc.com) Red tide blooms have also claimed the lives of 241 manatees, further threating an already endangered species (nytimes.com).Furthermore the decay caused by red tide causes hypoxia, an event that depletes the oxygen in water making it impossible for marine life to thrive in the infected
During the Holocaust, over six million Jews were killed, but there are only twenty thousand known rescuers. These rescuers are known as the “Righteous Among the Nations.”
One famous quote from Barbara Jordan is “If you’re going to play a game properly, you’d better know every rule .” Barbara Jordan was an amazing woman. She was the first African American Texas state senator. Jordan was also a debater, a public speaker, a lawyer, and a politician. Barbara Jordan was a woman who always wanted things to be better for African Americans and for all United States citizens. “When Barbara Jordan speaks,” said Congressman William L.Clay, “people hear a voice so powerful so, awesome...that it cannot be ignored and will not be silenced.”
cut back on the problems in the Bay. Scientists have given an unthinkable amount of attention to the Bay of the past several years and researchers from countless numbers of agencies and institutions have dove deep into the issues and studying every nook and cranny to create answers to every politicians’ questions. The biggest concern with the Bay, and the most concentrated ...
The Chesapeake Bay is the nation’s largest estuary with six major tributaries, the James, the Potomac, the Susquehanna, the Patuxent, the York, and the Rappahannock Rivers, feeding into the bay from various locations in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia (Chemical Contaminants in the Chesapeake Bay – Workshop Discussion 1). These areas depend on the Bay as both an environmental and an economic resource. Throughout the last 15 years the Chesapeake Bay has suffered from elevated levels of pollution. Nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater treatment plants, farmland, air pollution, and development all lead to reduced water clarity and lowered oxygen levels, which harm fish, crabs, oysters and underwater grasses (Key Commission Issues 1). There are other types of pollution in the bay such as toxic chemicals, but because nutrient pollution is the most significant and most widespread in the Bay its effects are the most harmful to fisheries. Nitrogen and phosphorous fuel algal blooms which cloud the water and block sunlight from reaching underwater grass beds that provide food and habitat for waterfowl, juvenile fish, blue crabs, and other species (Blankenship 11-12). Algae plays a vital role in the food chain by providing food for small fish and oysters. However, when there is an overabundance of algae it dies, sinks to the bottom of the Bay, and decomposes in such a manner that depletes the oxygen levels of the Bay (11). The reduced oxygen levels in the Bay reduce the carrying capacity of the environment and these “dead areas” sometimes kill off species that can not migrate to other areas of the Bay, such as oysters (11). Increased abundance of algal blooms also led to the overabundance of harmful and toxic algae species and microbes such as the microbe Pfiesteria, which was responsible in 1997 for eating fish alive and making dozens of people sick (12). The heightened awareness of diseases that can be contracted through consumption of contaminated fish also has an economic impact. Therefore, the excess levels of nitrogen and phosphorous have fueled an overabundance of algal blooms, which has reduced water clarity and lowered oxygen levels, affecting many species within the bay and ultimately the industries that rely on these species.
For many years now scientists and researchers have been paying their attention to the bay. Millions of dollars and hundreds of hours have been spent to return the bay to its glory. However, with all that has been done the bay is still in danger and the work is no where near complete. In 2005 the bay's health was evaluated at a “D”. (Chesapeake Bay Restoration)
At that time, Viola Desmond was the one of the only successful black canadian business woman and beautician in Halifax because there are were very few careers offered to the black. She Attended Bloomfield High school and also, studied in a program from Field Beauty Culture School, located in Montreal. These schools were one of the only academies that accepted black students. After she graduated, she promoted and sold her products because she wanted expanded her business;she also sold many of her products to her graduates. In addition, she opened a VI’s studio of beauty culture in Halifax.
Nellie Bly was born Elizabeth Cochran in Cochran’s Mills, Pennsylvania (named after her father Judge Michael Cochran) in 1864. She got her first writing job when she wrote an angry letter responding to a misogynistic newspaper article titled “What Girls Are Good For”. This is when she started using her pen name “Nellie Bly” after a Stephen Foster song. The editor was impressed and gave her a job.
As mentioned before, brevetoxins can cause human respiratory and digestive illness, and consumption of brevetoxin-contaminated fish and mollusks is associated with neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). According to the data, people in Sarasota, Florida visited the hospital emergency department for digestive illnesses during red tide outbreaks increased by 40% in 2001 relative to in 2002 when there was no red tide bloom (Hoagland, et al., 2014). In addition, multiple substantial effects of brevetoxin immunotonicity are postulated by scientists, such as the inhibition of cathepsin active sites, apoptosis, the release of inflammatory mediators, cell cycle, and oxidative stress. Several effects listed before can have profound problems on human health such as apoptosis, cell cycle and oxidative stress can lead to cancer. The experimental results suggest that the apoptosis postulation is based on the in vitro assay that DNA damage was observed in human lymphocytes treated with brevetoxins and several apoptotic gene expressions were altered in brevetoxin exposed Jurkat cells. The oxidative stress will result in the depletion of glutathione in U-937 human monocyte cell line treated with PbTx-2. Also, DNA strands breakage and chromosome aberrations were observed under oxidative stress (Fleming et al.,
Red tides have made many people sick such as residents and tourists of Florida’s Gulf Coast. The tides also have affected many business owners because many tourists don’t want to come to beach resorts because of Red tides. Red tides are caused by two ways. One of the ways are the algae reproducing and giving an effect of toxic air. Many outbreaks have also occurred because of red tides. Such of these things include poising form fish and shellfish. To stop Red tides, many researchers have done numerous experiments to try to find a way a way to stop Red tides! There are three main solutions to stopping Red tides. If we try to do these solutions red tides will decrease in the amount of times they occur.
A big change that has occurred in the oceans all over the world is the Coral Reefs are dying and are predicted to be dead by the end of the century due to the rising acidity of the oceans caused by many different threats to marine ecosystems. Coral reefs cover less than 0.2% of our oceans but they contain 25% of the world’s marine fish species according to Endangered: Biodiversity on the brink, 2010: pg.45). If this is the case that means by the time the end of the century comes around we will have lost close to 25% of the worlds marine ecosystems.
Ocean Pollution is a serious issue in today's global politics. The delicate balance of Earth's ecosystem is put in jeopardy when the ocean is not clean. Problem evolving from ocean pollution directly harm marine life and indirectly affect human health and the Earth's many valuable resources. Ocean Pollution is a Broad term that encpompasses any and all foregin matter that directly or indirectly makes its way into the ocean. This includes everything from the extreme: oil spills, Toxic Waste dumping and industrial dumping-- to the small scael: human activities and basic carelessness. Because the oceans and all other water bodies are invariably, somehow connected, and because they account for 3/4 of the Earth's surface, they are an ideal method of transportation for pollution, allowing the rapid spread of seemingly far away toxins into a river near you! It is increasingly important that we educate ourselves as to what, exactly, ocean pollution is, so that we can identify the causes at their source and take action in small and large ways, and hopefully, prevent this terrible form of pollution from getting any worse than it is today.
The Chesapeake Bay has faced an excessive amount of pollution over the past century. The water in the bay has become so highly polluted that It is capable of causing harm to humans coming in direct contact with the water. Although algae serves a vital role in the bay’s ecosystem, it also creates a problem that is causing a large amount of the problem.
The coral reefs of the world need our help now. You do not have to be a marine biologist to have an effect on the reefs around the world. By simply conserving water, you can help limit the water runoff into the oceans. Limit the amount of emissions put off by vehicles by carpooling or taking a bus. Even though we may live thousands of miles away from a coral reef, we must use caution when adding chemicals to our lawns. Planting a tree not only reduces the amount of water runoff; it also lowers the earth’s temperature. Something as simple as spreading the word can have major
By the oceans being polluted not only are animals affected humans are too. What some people don't know is that they are killing of and disturbing offspring by polluting waters. "Ocean pollution results in smaller catches of fish all over the world, either by killing fish directly, preventing them from breeding, or causing birth abnormalities. Seabirds are unable to breed and whales are poisoned. Pollution also seems to be responsible for a new disease among seals. Without even swallowed, plastic can kill seabirds, turtles, and other creatures by trapping them. People drinking water from polluted seas can become sick. Deadly infectious diseases like cholera and typhoid can break out." There are many different types of sizes of plankton everywhere in our ocean waters.
Oceans are such so vast that people underestimate the impact their actions —seeming so insignificant— have on them. Humans have by and large taken the oceans for granted; not considering how important a healthy ocean is to our survival. A popular mind-set is that the oceans are a bottomless supply of fish, natural resources, and an infinite waste dump. There are myriad reasons why the oceans should be saved and the most obvious one is marine life. With 71% of the Earth being covered by water, it is obvious that sea creatures are predominant form of life, making up 80% of the species of life on Earth. However, as important as marine life is, that is not the only reason why saving the oceans is crucial. The ocean floor provides natural resources such as, oil, natural gas, petroleum, minerals, medications, and ingredients for foods and products. The economic benefits of the oceans are huge and significant, as well. Fishing and fish products have provided employment to 38 million people and have generated about $124 billion in economic benefits. However, oceans are on the verge of crisis, marine life, natural resources, transportation, the economy, and important ingredients are at risk due to overfishing, pollution, and acidification. Thus, in this essay I will argue that, oceans are not impervious to human activity and threatening the health of the ocean threatens the health of humanity, since oceans key to our survival.