Joseph C. R. Licklider died when he was 75, on June 26, 1990. His death was caused by a heart attack that followed because of complications from asthma. Licklider was born in St.
Louis, Missouri and educated at Washington University and the University of Rochester. There he received his three bachelor's degrees in math, physics, and psychology. Licklider was well liked and had a very good reputation for being very humble, often letting others take credit for his ideas. Licklider humility and good manners were probably part of his mid-western upbringing. Licklider came to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1950. Previously, he had worked at Harvard University's Psychoacoustics Laboratory, where he discovered that "clipped speech" was 70-90 percent intelligible.
Professor Licklider's background was in the psychology of communications, and he played a major role in stimulating linguistics research at MIT while contributing to the study of biological characteristics of communication. Licklider lectured on the neurophysiology of vision and hearing, the perception of speech, and the presentation and absorption of information. J.C.R. Licklider's contribution to the development of the Internet consists of ideas not inventions. He foresaw the need for networked computers with easy user interfaces. His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and -click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate to wherever it was needed.
He has been called, "Computing's Johnny Appleseed," a well-deserved nickname for a man who planted the seeds of computing in the digital age. Licklider planted his symbolic seeds at two very important places. Most importantly, he worked for several years at ARPA, which is Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency, where he set the stage for the creation of the ARPANET. Licklider worked at Bolt Beranek and Newman, the company that supplied the first computers connected on the ARPANET. He did his doctoral work in psychoacoustics. In 1942, he went to work at Harvard's Psychoacoustics Laboratory where he did work for the Air Force to find solutions for the communication problems faced by crewman in noisy bomber aircraft.
Joseph Licklider worked on a Cold War project called SAGE designed to create computer-based air defense systems against Soviet Union bombers. Lick became increasingly interested in computing thereafter. Coming to the world of computing from a psychology background gave Lick a unique perspective. Computing at the time consisted mainly of batch-processing operations. Large problems would be outlined in advance and operations coded onto paper punch cards that were then fed into computers in large batches.
programs for the Berkeley UNIX system. At the time, he was in England far from
One item in the Compromise of 1850 was the provision for a stronger Fugitive Slave Law. This new law made it a federal crime to not return a runaway slave to the south. The law also established that any suspected runaway slave was to be tried by a single judge, not by a jury. Also, these judges were compensated by a system that provided them with more money for deciding that the slave was guilty than innocent. This law obviously encouraged people not to harbor runaway slaves, and when they were caught, it provided the judge an incentive to have them returned to the south.
“I don’t believe people should be able to own guns. (Obama)” This said prior to Obama’s presidency, in the 1990’s, is still a topic that is constantly questioned today. Many American’s feel the need to seek ownership of weapons as a source of protection; While others believe that private ownership of guns will do nothing more but heighten the rate of violence due to people taking matters into his or her own hands. Philosophy professor Jeff McMahan agrees with Obama’s statement in regard to the ownership of guns. In his New York Times editorial titled “When Gun ‘Control’ Is Not Enough,” McMahan provides evidence to support his theory of the dangers that quickly follow when allowing the community to own guns legally. McMahan, throughout the text, shows responsible reasoning and allows the reader the opportunity to obtain full understanding and justifies his beliefs properly.
What is Ethics? Webster’s dictionary website defines ethic as an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior: a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong. We have ethical training in the military to create a universal standard of behavior because morals are so variable and linked to religious belief. Military leadership cannot tell people what religious behaviors to have, but they can create a universal ethical guidance. Many people might think of ethics as common sense and may not take it seriously. Sometimes we need reinforcement like ethics training to illustrate what right and wrong look like, and hope people will do the right thing intuitively. I believe everyone has their own ethical and moral values that they follow. For me, my ethical and moral values are to have justice in order to treat everyone equally or equitable treatment, compassion towards others, and improve working skills with others.
The year is 1994, and you are sitting in science class while Mr. Smith assigns a research report to the class over famous men and women in STEM. Looking at the list none look familiar so you chose Robert Kahn knowing little to nothing about who this man is. After traveling to the local library in town and finding little to no valuable information about Mr. Kahn. Searching for hours through many books and eventually asking your parents about Robert Kahn you are able to put together a less than acceptable report on the technology genius.
“Coming out” is a means of identifying one’s sexual orientation as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. At its most basic, “coming out of the closet,” means being honest with those around you—friends, family, colleagues, and so forth—about your sexual orientation, about whom you are. It also means acknowledging one’s sexual orientation to self. Such disclosure is an ongoing, lifelong process rather than a one-time event. New personal, social, and professional situations require gay men and lesbians to make decisions about the degree to which they can be open about their sexual orientation (Morrow, 1996).
Richard P. Feynman was born May 11, 1918 to Melville and Lucille Feynman. His father, Melville, never had a chance to endulge his interests in science, so he engulfed Richard in science from a young age. Even at a young age Richard's interest in science and mathematics was extraordinary. He taught himself basic mathematics before entering school. He would also read the Encyclopedia Britannica and he gained much insight into science form that. He even experimented with electronics building his own burglar alarm.
Have you ever wondered who invented the modern computers we use today?Now, you would probably say Microsoft or Apple; however the truth is modern computers were invented by Alan Turing. He invented the Turing Machine, which is a computer that could process anything. In other words he created the first programing language. Not only did he contribute to computer science, but also in biology, chemistry, physics, and especially mathematics. He has countless number of achievements including his contribution of cracking the Nazi enigma code, which seemed at that time, “unbreakable”. Now lets dive into the life of Alan.
Abstract: - The unsung hero of World War II was Alan Turing. - Born on June 23, 1912 in London, Alan Turing was an innovative computer scientist and mathematician. He was especially prominent in the development of theoretical computer science. He is widely known for his 1936 paper which introduced the “Turing Machine.” His work also made substantial contributions in the area of artificial intelligence and has set the foundation for research in this area. Other areas of interest which he contributed to included cryptology and theoretical biology.
He started developing this machine in 1834, and "in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer". "A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom" In 1843, during the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first computer program. Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM. During the 1940s, as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general.
Turing produced some noteworthy achievements leading up to his involvement in World War II. Born June 23, 1912, Alan Mathison Turing was recognized by his preliminary and secondary school teachers for having a natural talent in the subjects of mathematics and science, while having mediocre talents in the non-sciences. In 1931, inspired by the death of a childhood friend who also had exemplary skills in the sciences, he decided to receive his undergraduate studies in Mathematics at the University of Cambridge's King's College, UK(Dyson, 459). In 1935, he became a fellow of King's University after completing a dissertation on the Central Limit Theorem which showcased his mathematical genius(Dyson, 459). That same year, his interest in solving David Hilbert's "decision problem" led to his paper, "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem."
In the garage of a neighbor Steve Wozniak created what would be called the cream soda computer. Named that after all the cream soda he drank while building it. While building it he met a man named Steve Jobs. Although the computer went up in smoke during a test the basic groundwork was laid for a machine that would change the world was set and a friendship that would turn into a new industry. After the introduction of the Altair an organization sprang up of hobbyist and amateurs. It was the Homebrew Computer Club and of course Steve Wozniak went to the meetings and rarely if ever missed one of them. It seemed the Altair used a costly microprocessor, the Intel 8080, to do its thinking. Since Woz couldn't afford the 179 dollars per chip he jumped at the offer Hewlett Packard offered its employees.
The fist computer, known as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when the beads were moved along the wire according to “programming” rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a “digital calculating machine.” Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascal’s computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It required a manual process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automation was introduced in the early 1800’s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic calculation machine that was steam powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbage’s invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on cards with holes punched in them, which are called “punch cards.” These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbage’s creation flopped due to the lack of mechanical precision and the lack of demand for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for many years, and it wasn’t until the mid-1800’s that people became interested in them once again.
One of the main contributors to the foundation of modern computer science is Charles Babbage. Born into a wealthy family, Charles was unhindered by financial burden for the majority of his life and was therefore able to pursue his personal interests freely. Eventually he attended Cambridge University in order to study Mathematics. Quickly realizing he was mentally years ahead of his teachers, he gradually moved away from classrooms and began to seek likeminded individuals. Charles eventually met John Herschel and George Peacock and formed the Analytical Society in which he drastically helped in weakening the grasp of Isaac Newton’s theories that were deeply engraved at the university. After years of research, he eventually began designing a machine called the Difference Engine; an invention that would become the basis for the first computer. It was capable of calculating a sequence of numbers to the 7th polynomial and would be able to print hard copies of the results for recordkeeping. Unfortunately due to financial disputes he was never able...
For many centuries, Confucianism has been widely revered by the Chinese for its emphasis on morality. Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE, is different to most philosophers in that he showed no interest questioning his existence, the possibility of a God, or the reality that he seemed to live in; instead he focused on the human relations side of philosophy as it was his belief that people should “give (themselves) earnestly to the duties due to men … (and) keep aloof from (spiritual beings)” (Confucius 195). By negating the metaphysical side of philosophy, he was able to devote himself to mold his disciples into ideal gentleman who were morally righteous, and were able to benefit society. He believed in the importance of individuals who knew their roles in an well-structured society, that was a feudal system. In his opinion, the ideal gentleman should be obedient to his elders, have humanness and be morally righteous. Through his teachings, he was able to reform an entire country; the Chinese found Confucianism to embody practices of humaneness that they could apply in their daily lives through his religion.