Peter's Jonason research questions are the following: "How much do you work out your [your body]?" on the upper, lower, and abdominal muscles, "How much do you work out your [workout goal]? on muscle gain and weight loss. The objective of the research is to extend the study from the gym to a wider population. This population will not include people who go to the gym, but rather three colleges with a wide range of people's age. In this case Jonason studied a college population, which has a diversity population and therefore it makes it more representative [More generalized]. The significance of this study is that men or women are both interested attracting the opposite sex and are forced to adapt to a culture that has specific characteristics …show more content…
The way Jonason connects the empirical discoveries to his research questions is by going one step further than Mealey by examining sex differences by finding out what is it that motivates these individuals to lose weight and gain muscles in the upper or lower part of their body. In the other hand, Jonason connects his theoretical discoveries by knowing the male traits, which is when men enhance their upper body so that they are able to get the preference over women [female primates]. Another way of looking at this is by imagining men showing their physical traits when they are fighting for the same thing. Jonason shows how there is a gap in the research literature by saying how in his study he did not examine how the individuals lost weight, gain muscles, and use drugs to reach their goal. He also did not talk about the health problems they [men and women] might have or are willing to have to reach their goals. The researcher connects his study findings to the literature through some kind of methods, which is that he ask question through the use of multi-item scales instead of asking too much in depth
Psychologist, Richard A. Lippa, takes on the challenge of proving the concept that an individual’s idea of gender is derived from their brain, an issue otherwise recognized as “nature vs. nurture” in his book, Gender, Nature, and Nurture. Francis Galton, defines nature and nurture, as, “Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world; nurture is every influence from without that affects him after birth.” Galton emphasizes the fact that nature produces the infant, with direct influences, determining both “growth of body and mind” (Galton) while nurture is an alteration of the environment for the comfort of the infant. Lippa establishes that each gender displays different levels of hormones, and physical capabilities, which will contribute to “nature.” An intriguing study conducted by Henry F. Harlow, whether the gender of a monkey can be determined, with or without the aid of parental influence. Regardless of whether the monkeys had a parent, the behaviors that they demonstrated in their natural environment were the same. The fundamental principle behind this is due to the fact that males were “influenced by the exposure to testosterone.” (122) As human beings, we vary in physical attributes, which subconsciously come into play when it comes to our preferences. This explains why the things that we do are gender
Alcoholism is as prevalent in my family, as blood is in our veins. When previously asked to observe 12-step groups, I ritualistically flocked to Alcoholics Anonymous, without consideration of the possibility that other groups had any potential to make an impact on me. I always pride myself in my ability to identify as an individual that is not ensnared in alcoholism, but unfortunately am an individual that was highly tormented by alcoholism. Through observation of the group and how it processed, as well as identifying how I felt as a new attendee, I was able to understand why self-help, support groups are so vital for individuals in recovery. I finally realized, I too am in recovery.
In the December issue of Men’s Health, a popular men’s magazine, a man with a seemingly perfect physique is on the cover. The words that are in bold all over the cover talk about how to achieve the perfect body. The first bolded lines one sees are “Strong & Lean!” and “Drop 20lbs”. These lines convey the need for men to have a great physique. Like Jack Katz explained in Tough Guise, men struggle with what is considered a real man. A man has to be able to display is strength, by either having muscles or by having courage. According to society, to show that a person is a real man they must have a great body with muscles and abs. Throughout the years, men’s bodies have also been criticized for not being fit or strong. Jack Katz also explains
After careful consideration I relate more to Dr. Davis M. Buss, known for his evolutionary research on human sex differences in mate selection. Sex differences. Buss posits that men and women have faced different adaptive challenges throughout human history, which shape behavioral difference in males and females today. Example women have to carry the child for nine months and then make it though delivery. Men during pregnancy have thoughts of paternity and having as many children as possible. He also focused on short and long term mating strategies, male and female preference, deception, love, jealousy, and a host of other topics that deal hand and hand with relationships and relationship disputes. I Personally, relate to these theories because
They state cultural backgrounds influence fitness gender goals, but only survey white women of the same age-range (and a few white men) attending co-educational colleges. Perhaps, results would differ if they studied women from an all-women college. An all-women college would mean an all-women gym without men to intimidate novice female lifters. Perhaps, results would differ if the psychologists studied older women, Asian models, female black construction worker, or female Arabian politicians. For instance, black women are often stereotyped as strong, so maybe more black women would show interest in strength training than white women. In different cultures, inside and outside of the United States, do females view strength differently? The thin female body is not a universal
In the text "The Sexing of the body" Sterling argues that scientist should not only worry about the physical feature to determine someone's sexuality but also on the characteristics. Sterling writes," But behaviors are generally social activities, expressed in interaction with distinctly separate beings. Thus, as we move from genitalia on the outside to the invisible psyche..."(Sterling, 29). When a scientist steps out of that box of determining gender based on the physical feature it can change the perspective of how gender is viewed in society. In the same way, The Text "Baboons with Briefcases vs Langurs with Lipstick" by Susan Sperling shows how scientist should overlook physical features and DNA to determining what is gender. Sperling writes, "Other things shape behavior besides genes and Shape it in important ways for the organisms in question..."(Sperling, 250). Our behavior can say a lot about the gender we are but Sperling demonstrates that even the behavior aspect of determining gender should be furthered studied. Both of these Authors show how scientist try to construct and validify the our sexuality is already with us and it not constructed by society. When viewing how scientist makes their studies there is some type of biased and gender stereotypes connected to these
Connell: Chapter 4 “Sex Differences & Gendered Bodies”: I found this entire chapter quite intriguing, but I really appreciate the way that Connell approaches the ways in which males and females differ, and yet she also points out how there is no significant difference in brain anatomy and function between sexes. I found the statement by neuroscientist Lesley Rogers incredibly interesting, she states, “The brain does not choose to be wither a female or a male type. In any aspect of brain function that we can measure, there is considerable overlap between females and males” (p.52). This statement when paired with information about the affect social processes have on the body is mind boggling to realize, as Connell states, “biology bends to the hurricane of social discipline” (p.55). It is unnerving to think that I am merely a product of my society.
Over the years even action figures have gotten larger muscles, so much so that they are to proportions physically impossible to obtain. Every time you turn the corner, your eyes are drawn to some advertisement that shows a man with his shirt off, muscular and defined. “There is no way to plug popular culture into an equation and see what effect it has on mass psychology, of course, but there is widespread sentiment that these provocative images of buff males have really upped the ant...
Peyser, Marc and Springer, Karen. "The New Muscle Candy." Newsweek 12 January 1998: 131(2): 68.
Females have slightly less variability, but the interquartile ranges of both genders are identical. On a scale of 5 to 25 that has a neutral influence score of 15, the means fall just above a level of slight influence. An independent t-test was conducted to determine if the mean difference between the two genders was statistically significant. Because the p-value of the Levene’s Test was .315, it is appropriate to assume equal variances. The p-value of .068 does not fall below .05 and thus the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. The influence of professional athletes on the health and wellness choices of University of Michigan undergraduates does not differ between males and
...heories of performing gender to make this point, Fausto-Sterling is able to point to concrete scientific experiments and explain where they go wrong. And one can conclude from Fausto-Sterling's book that not only do we "do" gender, we also "do" sex and bodies as well.
According to many research adolescence boys are striving to become lean muscular like the male unrealistic models advertised in the media. For the last four decades media such as movies, men’s magazines, TVs, and recent the Internet has increasingly displayed images of a manufactured ideal male bodies. As portrayed in the media perfect male body includes narrow waist with large shoulders that give the body a V-shaped torso, lots of muscles and lean body to represent masculinity. Since boys at adolescence stage undergo tremendous physical changes in the process of full self development, the perceptions and attitudes toward their body appearance turns into major concern. Thus passion of boys having muscular male body type becomes common (Blashill and Sabine 445). Though peers and family have considerable pressure on boys’ body image, media is clearly the most influential drive for muscularity in teenage boys.
A man is supposed to be more masculine, have a more defined jawline, and have tough skin from a social media perspective. For the picture portraying the female I also chose the left, that’s because of how social media portrays the perfect woman, soft, thin, and less masculine. There was a test done surveying 200 men and women (ages 18-25). Before the test was conducted, there was a survey to see who had Internet access, or any type of social media access.
There is no doubt that men and women are influenced by biological factors. The question is are gender roles based on nature, nurture or both? When discussing human sexuality, drives and desires hormones play a substantial role in our behaviors. The physiological differences externally in males and females are obvious. For example, when aroused, males become erect, whereas females become lubricated instead of a clitoral erection. In the article, “Biological Aspects of Sexual Orientation and Identity” Milton Diamond Ph.D. claims “These differences obviously pertain to copulation, but many other mechanisms exist that are less related to coitus but very much related to sexual expression and childbearing. Muscle mass, body and skeletal articulation, enzyme and endocrine production, and other physiological features and reflexes are additional distinctions. The endocrine system of males is relatively tonic in operation, while the female system is basically cyclic during the reproductive years.” Some of these biological factors are thought to shape gender differences due to hormones and brain function. According to “Biological Theories of Gender” Saul McLeod claims that, “The biological approach suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender, thus biological sex creates gendered behavior.” This theory
Sagan, D. (2000). Hormones Determine Gender Traits.Male/female roles: opposing viewpoints (pp. 42-43,46). San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press.