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Contrast the french revolution and the american war
Contrast the french revolution and the american war
Contrast the french revolution and the american war
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In 1797, there were two American battles raging–one internal and one external. On the home front, the government was widely split between the two partisanships at the time: the Federalists, who wanted a stronger centralized government, and the Democratic-Republicans, who wanted a weaker government where states had more power. Internationally, the French Coalition Wars roared between the French and the British. Enter John Adams, President-elect and former Vice President under all-mighty hero George Washington. Adams’s appearance was not one of a desired president: he spoke with a lisp, was significantly below average in stature, and his hands often shook with palsy. Unbeknownst to those in attendance at his Inauguration on March 4, 1797, his …show more content…
Adams crucial leadership during the XYZ Affair boosted his popularity and displayed his morality. Once the French and British went to war, the United States’s relationship with the French became strained. Although declaring neutrality, the Americans shipped goods and maintained a solid relationship with the English in part of the Jay Treaty. This preferential treatment angered the French and in 1796 the French retaliated against American ships and refusing to meet with the American Minister to France, Charles Pinckney. In response to French attacks on American ships, Adams sent delegates to Paris to try and meet with French Directory officials in an effort to get the Jay Treaty signed by France. The French Foreign Minister at the time, Charles Talleyrand, refused to meet with American diplomats until a set of conditions were met: “the Directory would need to refute Adams' anti-French sentiment in the May 16 speech to …show more content…
In 1798, after the XYZ Affair, Federalists recognized the opportunity they had to utilize the negative French and immigrant sentiments and many Americans had and use that to their benefit. Because the Democratic-Republicans were typically pro-French and most of the immigrant voters voted for them, the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in an effort to reduce the popularity of their rival party. Of the four acts passed, only one was approved with bipartisan approval. The Naturalization Act lengthened the time immigrants must be in the United States to be considered citizens, and this delayed many of the pro-Democratic-Republican immigrants from being able to vote. The Alien Enemies Act allows Adams to expel immigrants from the United States during times of war. The only act to approve with bipartisan approval, the Alien Act, “allowed for the detention of enemy aliens in time of war without trial or counsel.” The Sedition Act, the one that infringed upon the Bill of Rights established seven years before, “outlawed conspiracy to prevent the enforcement of federal laws and punished subversive speech—with fines and imprisonment.”3 Specifically targeting Democratic-Republican newspapers, “Twenty-five [Democratic-Republican] editors were indicted under the act, and ten were convicted by Federalist judges who did not attempt to hide their
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were the last living individuals from the first American progressives who had confronted the British people and manufactured another political group in the previous provinces. Then again, while they both trusted stock in vote based system and life, freedom and the quest for joy, their conclusions on the best way to accomplish these standards separated after some time. Later, serving two presidential terms, Jefferson and Adams each communicated to outsiders their appreciation the other and their longing to recharge their friendship. Adams was the first to end the hush; he sent Jefferson a letter around the time of new year’s, in which he wished Jefferson numerous great new years to come. Jefferson reacted with
The XYZ affair was a concerning problem between the French and United States, that came to an unspoken war known as the Quasi-war. In 1793, France went to war with Great Britain while America remained neutral. A French minister refused to meet with the Americans. In addition to him refusing to meet, he sent four intermediaries to demand that the American diplomats would have to agree to granting France a low-interest loan.
People died fighting for this idea of a free country with amazing rights, and now John Adams was threatening what they all fought for. Many people were very mad and took this hatred mentality towards Adams, because of the Alien and Sedition Acts, to the polls. “John Adams was vilified by the Republicans for not vetoing the Alien and Sedition Acts.” He had the chance to stop what Congress was putting forth, yet he did nothing. Whether his intentions were for the best and he had the best in mind, it does not matter. The American public in general took it as a very hostile move and this definitely did not help his second bid for the presidency. Some people believed action needed to be taken in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson and Madison wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. These were two documents that basically stated that the states of Kentucky and Virginia saw the Alien and Sedition Acts that were approved by John Adams as unconstitutional. This was not good for Adams. “It really targeted the centralizing power of the Federalists”. When the federalists have more power that means that Adams will have more power.
In June of 1797 the relationship between France and the United States worsened. Jay's Treaty of 1795 angered France, who was at war with Britain and recognized the treaty as support of an Anglo-American alliance. Almost 300 American ships bound for British were seized by France. Marshall finally accepted a national appointment from President John Adams as one of the three representatives to France to negotiate peace. He accepted because he was concerned about the controversy. However, when Marshall and the other representatives arrived in France, the French refused to negotiate unless the United States paid massive bribes.
During the ensuing XYZ affair, refusing to pay a bribe suggested by a French agent to facilitate negotiations, he was said to have replied "No! No! Not a sixpence!"When Pinckney arrived back in the United States in 1798, he found the country preparing for war with France.
That meant that President Adams’ success would only create more divide in his party and country (Smith 20). Subsequently during the Quasi War, President Adams signed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798 (Gevinson). The idea of the acts was to suppress any French sympathizers in America and contain the growth of Republicans (Magill 48). Immigrants mainly became Republicans.
At the end of the 18th century, an undeclared war was going on between the United States and France because of the recent XYZ affair; triggering a positive reaction by Federalists like Fisher Ames to convince the authorities to make the war official. Not knowing what to do, President John Adams appointed former-President George Washington as commander of the army to hopefully resolve the issue with France through diplomacy (as was Washington's stance).
...Sedition Acts exercise a power nowhere delegated to the Federal government...this commonwealth does declare that the said Alien and Sedition Acts are violations of the said Constitution." The resolutions nullified the laws and contributed to the rise of Republicanism and the fall of Federalism.
The Alien and Sedition Acts were not merely intended for immigrants who spoke out against the government but more to detain the growth of the Democratic - Republican Party. These four Acts coercively lessoned the likelihood of the party mounting power by eliminating its majority group; soon to be citizens. Many issues led up to the creation of the Acts. This Cause and Effect can be traced all the way back to George Washington's Presidency; a few years after the creation of the Constitutional government after the Articles of Confederation were expulsed.
Jefferson came into office on March 4, 1801 and left office on March 4, 1809. His first term’s vice president was Aaron Burr, and his second term’s vice president was George Clinton. He ran with the Democratic-Republican Party and heavily opposed the Federalist Party. Prior to his election, he had already held many positions in public office; vice president and secretary of state . Because he was preceded only by John Adams and George Washington, Jefferson played a large role in the formation of the character of the American President. For his first inaugural address, according to a reporter, “His dress was, as usual, that of a plain citizen without any distinctive badge of office.” This casual nature showed the American public that he was not a king, but a normal citizen who was there for the people, he was even known as the “Man of the People”. Many other American Presidents used that same style in order to appeal to the public.
In 1796, Adams was elected as the Federalist nominee for president. He won the election becoming the second president. During him being president, a war between French and British broke out and that caused some difficulties for the United States. His administration focused on France, where the government had suspended commercial relations. He sent three commissioners there, but they wouldn’t negotiate unless the U.S paid what amounted to a bribe. This caused a war to break out. By 1800, the undeclared war had ended. And this also cause for Adam to become less popular with the public. He lost the re-election to Thomas
John Adams was born on October 30th, 1735 to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston Adams. He was the oldest of three and lived in Braintree, Massachusetts. His father was a farmer, deacon, and town councilman. The Adams were not very wealthy and John Adams’ father knew he could only send one son and he wanted to send his eldest. However, John Adams told his father “I do not love books and I wish you would lay aside thoughts of sending me to college.” His father in reply asked him- “What would you do child? Be a farmer?” John insisted that he wanted to be a farmer and not a scholar. His father brought him to work the fields the next day. Farming was strenuous work and was most likely rough on John’s hands and back. The night after the long day of farming, His father questioned him “Well John are you satisfied with being a farmer.” John Adams refused to admit that his father was right but John Adams Sr said “I do not like it[farming] so well, so you shall go to school.” John Adams and his father found a compromise- John would go to a tutor that challenged his students instead of the town teacher that was unbearably easy. Adams excelled under the tutors teaching and was accepted to Harvard in 1751.
JOHN ADAMS – A SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY 1301 – U.S. HISTORY TO 1877 WHEN SEARCHING FOR THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON DURING THE EARLY U.S. HISTORY, GEORGE WASHINGTON COMES TO THE FOREFRONT. INCIDENTLY, DUE TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE RESEARCH, THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON PEOPLE OR EVENTS ON HISTORY BEFORE 1877. TO MY SURPRISE, INFORMATION WAS LOCATED ON JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS. JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS SUPPOSIVELY HAD A WONDERFUL LIFE AND MARRIAGE TOGETHER. JOHN ADAMS SOMETIMES SEEMED TO BE A CONTRADICTING, RUDE AND OUTSPOKEN MAN, BUT AT OTHER TIMES PLAYFUL AND TENDER. ABIGAIL’S INTELLIGENT, CARING AND WITTY CHARACTER MADE UP FOR JOHN’S MANNERS, THEIR MARRIAGE SIGNIFIES THE POSITION IN WHICH A WOMAN WAS INVOLVED IN THE EVOLVING OF A GREAT MAN, FOR HER IMPORTANT FAMILY CONNECTIONS PROBABLY BENEFITED HIS CAREER. JOHN ADAMS WAS BORN IN 1735, BRAINTREE, MASSACHUSETTS TO JOHN ADAMS AND SUSANNA BOYLSTON. JOHN ADAMS WAS THE ELDEST OF THREE SONS. MR ADAMS WAS A DEACON AND FARMER (WHICH MEANT THE FAMILY WAS NOT WEALTHY). MRS ADAMS WAS BORN FROM ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS (THE BOYLSTON’S OWNED A LOT OF PROPERTY). JOHN ADAMS GRADUATED FROM HARVARD IN 1755. UPON GRADUATING, HE WAS OFFERED A JOB TO TEACH IN WORCHESTER. LIKE MOST BACHELORS, JOHN HAD NO INTEREST IN CHILDREN OR THE SLIGHTEST UNDERSTANDING OF THEM. BUT LIKE ANYONE HE ADAPTED TO THE SITUATION, PROBABLY BECAUSE HE HAD TWO YOUNGER BROTHERS. JOHN MARRIED ABIGAIL SMITH IN 1764. ABIGAIL WAS THE SECOND OF FOUR CHILDREN, BORN IN 1744.
These acts were, of no questions asked, surly constitutional. The Federalist Party presented these acts, later consequently passed by Congress, because they were and fair and just laws in accordance to the nation at that time. For the sake of argument, the nation and government was very inexperienced, and did not know what to expect in their near future. John Adams became the second president of the United States of America, subsequently, having to accept many challenges and responsibilities to fulfill the job in office. He had the task of making sure that the newly founded nation kept running smooth. That is a big burden if there are activities going on in the country that one has no control, nor knowledge of (i.e. foreigners coming into the nation and starting trouble by disrupting the form of government, or having radicals trying to protest and perturb the running government in office-Federalists, at this time). John Adams was smart enough to realize the significance of these factors. Thus, taking his duty of President of USA seriously, he, along with the Federalist-controlled Congress, took action to protect the new country. Hence, were the creation and passing of the four, debate-causing laws (Naturalization, Alien, Alien Enemies, and Sedition Acts).
This ship is going down! Leadership can be like a sinking ship and when it sinks the people are left adrift. Military units and even businesses have suffered from poor leaders who caused the ship to sink. So what makes a great leader? A leader who has the right life preserver for each situation. Visionary and ethical leadership can be considered as two life preservers, more like two life boats. Through lessons and research I have discovered distinct skills and traits leaders use to become a visionary leader, an ethical leader, or both. Over time, John Adams actions exceedingly made him a leader who had a these life