Throughout history, crisis administration involves a chief executive having to approach immense circumstances in which would impact our country severely, economically, or domestically. In the midst of catastrophes, a great leader should obtain the nature of fortitude. “The measure of a leader is often tested during a crisis. And those leaders who can engage directly, but still maintain their sense of perspective, are the ones that will help the organization survive”(John Baldoni, 2011). Amid a presidency, calmness amongst tragedies is vital to sustain tranquility in our Nation. Amongst the Antebellum period, there were numerous phenomenal presidents whom were suitable with my criteria but did not meet all the characteristics to gain the title …show more content…
He demonstrated these skills during the “XYZ Affair” among the French. United States merchant ships were being seized by French warships, which stimulated many Americans to be angered. President Adams decided to send a delegation to Paris, in order to come to an agreement with France to cease the conflict. The delegates whom were sent encountered troubles with three French ministers known as “X,Y and Z”(cite). These ministers requested bribes in order to establish any negotiations. The citizens were infuriated with what had occurred, they attained the mindset of declaring war on France. John Adams applied his usage of leadership skills during this crisis, when he decided to not initiate a war. The resistance of popular sentiment proved Adams to be a great leader in the midst of crisis. Head of state Adams instead decided to send three new representatives, this resolution did not attain the outcome in which Adams was relying on. President Adams then built up the Army and Navy to commence war with France. The war was later known as the “Quasi-War”(cite) in which executive Adams once again demonstrated his ability to endure hardships with poise. The Treaty of Mortefontaine reestablished peace between France and the United States which also reinforced his leadership skills. In contrast, John Quincy Adams the sixth president was insufficient in regards to leadership skills amid devastations. The lack of his administration was evident when the passage of the “Tariff of Abominations” (cite) occurred. The Tariff of Abominations was a protective tax in which was created to preserve industry in the Northern States(cite) from foreign controversies. Although this tariff was beneficial to the North, it raised the price of manufactured goods in the South which prompted Adam’s loss of supporters specifically deriving from the south. This tariff also insinuated the
The XYZ affair was a concerning problem between the French and United States, that came to an unspoken war known as the Quasi-war. In 1793, France went to war with Great Britain while America remained neutral. A French minister refused to meet with the Americans. In addition to him refusing to meet, he sent four intermediaries to demand that the American
In June of 1797 the relationship between France and the United States worsened. Jay's Treaty of 1795 angered France, who was at war with Britain and recognized the treaty as support of an Anglo-American alliance. Almost 300 American ships bound for British were seized by France. Marshall finally accepted a national appointment from President John Adams as one of the three representatives to France to negotiate peace. He accepted because he was concerned about the controversy. However, when Marshall and the other representatives arrived in France, the French refused to negotiate unless the United States paid massive bribes.
Madison tried to solve his problems by talking to the leaders of Britain and France. “If you agree to stop attacking.” Madison said, “.the United States will stop trading with your enemy”(Hart 168). This reveals how at first, intervention seemed so farfetched and out of the question, and intervention was a first priority.
Before taking office, each president is required to take an oath in which they state, “I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” (634) However, of all the forty-four presidents who have served America, no other president in American history has faced the enormous challenges and national crisis as did Lincoln. Throughout his presidency, Lincoln endured immense challenges associated with the Civil War. In fact, the Civil War is referred to “our greatest national trauma.” (632) Lincoln’s presidential election unraveled the tensions between the North and South, precipitating a prolonged and bloody war. However, Lincoln’s audacious leadership, determination, and character in a period of national crisis made him America’s greatest
Adams was criticized by both parties: his own, the Federalists and the Republicans. He was also called a warmonger and an indecisive leader during wartime; along with his uncontrollable temper, he would make rash decisions without consulting his cabinet members (Gevinson). Britain and America signed the Jay’s Treaty in 1794, and it caused France to be highly unsatisfied ("Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello"). As a result in 1796, the French began to snatch or capture American merchant ships by surprise (“Milestones: 1784–1800 - Office of the Historian").However, the Foreign Minister decided to not be cooperative and instead insulted the American envoys; this incident became known as the XYZ affairs, and it, “sparked a white-hot reaction within the United States” ( “John Adams: Foreign Affairs”). President Adams requested Congress to to create a navy because the protecting American commerce was the top priority (Magill 46). Adams was in an unofficial war with France: Quasi War. Yet in the meantime, peace negotiations were also being held in France. In the Convention of 1800 or Treaty of Mortefontaine, peace was restored between America and France ("Milestones: 1784–1800 - Office of the Historian”). Adams’ goal was avoiding full scale with France, however his own party: the Federalists, supported war against France. That meant that
The Boston Massacre was an event that could have never happened. The innocent lives could have been saved and the British troopers would have never been put on Trial. The aftermath of the lives been loss in Boston Massacre was a trial to punish the British Troopers and finally get them out America. The lawyer of the British troops was a man named John Adams, who was the cousin of Sam Adams. John’s role in the Boston Massacre trial was to represent his clients without negotiate his role as an American. Since John had to stand behind the British troops, he had to team up with different other lawyers to make sure the British troops be treated fair. John’s ethic perspective was deontological ethics because he may not believe the British troops
Masses of angry Jacksonians raised a roar of protest against this "corrupt bargain. " The clamor continued for the four years of Adams' Presidency. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Adam entered his presidency with a brilliant record in statecraft, especially in foreign policy, however while he is ranked as one of the most successful secretaries of state, he became one of the least successful presidents. Adams was further alienated when he asked Congress for additional money for internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, and even a national university and astrological observatory. In 1828, Adams was able to piece together a new tariff law that generally satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated southern planters, who denounced it as a "tariff of abominations.
The southerners (south carolina) nullified the act and threatened to secede from the union. The Tariff of Abominations was the tax on raw goods which was meant to help the north. This angers the south and south carolina threatens to leave the USA. VP Calcoun says to nullify the tariff and Jackson says NO!!! We will use military force.
At the end of the 18th century, an undeclared war was going on between the United States and France because of the recent XYZ affair; triggering a positive reaction by Federalists like Fisher Ames to convince the authorities to make the war official. Not knowing what to do, President John Adams appointed former-President George Washington as commander of the army to hopefully resolve the issue with France through diplomacy (as was Washington's stance).
After the French and Indian war, the Britain saw a need for the “more centralized control” (Outline of U.S. History, 2011, p.52). They felt as necessary to eliminate any interference from the colonialists. The colonies on the other hand, expected more freedom and independence. Hence there was a forthcoming conflict. When the organization of Canada and Ohio valley would not adopt the policies to “alienate the French and Indian inhabitants, and British needed more money and land for settlement” (54) and fear of more war erupting, the restricting and taxation laws were passed. For example the Proclamation Act of 1763, Stamp Act of 1764 and others. Although some of these were passed to counter the other, it was still evident that there was a conflict between the colonialists and the British. General Thomas Gage commanded the garrison in Boston, and his main duty was to enforce the Coercive Act (57). His forces were raided the “minutemen and eight killed in the attack “(59), and pushed on to Concord. Soldiers were lost during the fight. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and voted to go to war; Colonel Washington of Virginia was the Commander in Chief (59). Despite the break of war many people seen it has impossible to break the ties with England. At the end of that year, December 23, Thomas Paine, who had previously
In 1816, soon after the end of the War of 1812, the British, who had failed to defeat the Americans in battle, attempted to shut down the newly formed American manufacturing business. They were sending over materials to the U.S. and extremely low prices in an effort to crate a stronghold over the U.S. These actions lead to the Tariff of 1816, which placed a 20-30% tax on all imported goods, in an attempt to protect U.S. industries. Strong debate arose over these issues in Congress, and strong leaders came about with those debates, in order to represent the feelings of the different areas in America. These three leaders were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster.
Later, these conflicting results between the North and the South had shortly begun the Civil War. These arising conflicts were similar to the Nullification Crisis during Andrew Jackson’s presidency in 1832. During this time period, South Carolina had nullified the Tariff of Abominations because they had believed it was unconstitutional. John C. Calhoun, vice president of the state, had argued that the national legislation had operated unequally and lacked fairness to every state. Calhoun had also argued for slavery and claimed that it played a part with states’ rights. The Nullification Crisis was just the beginning of the predicaments of the oncoming Civil War.
On June 1st, 1812, President James Madison declared war on the British for many reasons. In his war message, Madison brought three unpardonable British acts to Congress’s attention. The first, impressment. “Thousands of American citizens, under the safeguard of public law and of their national flag, have been torn from their country and from everything dear to them,” (War Message to Congress, Paragraph 4). British Navy ships would stop American ships to search for British deserters. This often resulted in natural American citizens being apprehended and forced into the British navy. During this time, Britain was at war with Napoleon and wanted to hurt France economically. To do so, Britain tried to restrict French trade with other nations, including America. “Not content with these occasional expedients for laying waste our neutral trade, the cabinet of Britain resorted at length to...
Adams had big dreams within our nation, however the competition with Jacksonian's made it real difficult for him. John Quincy Adams signed the the tariff of 1828, this raised the cost of consumer goods by the south. This is one example of why Adam’s administration is best illustrated as a failure. “Poor eroded soil produced fewer pounds of cotton per acre and brought fewer cents per pound in a world market not protected by tariff. And yet the south was not developing any industry. Southern consumers therefore had to buy “Yankee-made” items or pay a higher price for foreign-made manufacturers. They also realized that the lack of British maritime vessels delivering manufactured goods to Southern ports strongly implied correspondingly fewer purchases of rice, tobacco, and cotton by those British merchants.” The Southerners denounced the tariff as the Tariff of Abominations. John Quincy Adams suffered with popular votes in the next term, he lost his presidential position to Andrew
Theodore Roosevelt stepped into head of office on September 19, 1901 when President William McKinley was assassinated. He was the youngest man to become president. His motto was “speak softly but carry a big stick.” President Roosevelt would come into power offering America the square deal. He would take the power away from the industrialists as he controlled big business from the White House. He would soon become known as a TrustBuster. Roosevelt used American power for American interests and was quoted as saying, “I am an American first and last. “ Although some historians argue that Roosevelt acted like a six-year-old throughout his presidency and that he didn’t think things through, ie “he thought with his hips”, one can admire the tremendous leadership qualities that Teddy Roosevelt had. First, he was a very bold man who graduated magna cum laude from Harvard. The average citizen was aware of what a “positive, warm and tough, authoritative and funny” president that they had leading them. His leadership qualities stemmed from his time as a New York state Assembly man, a deputy sheriff, a ...