interest groups. Following that, the Iron Triangle Theory states that the lobbyist work directly with Congress by giving money to the legislatures during the campaigns of the elected officials. In return, Congress passes legislation in favor of the interest groups. The Iron Triangle Theory is relevant as it relates to the idea of how the Board of Regents in any of the states lobby for their interest because it can point out some possibilities as to to how the educational institutions lobby in a collaborate effort themselves. For example, hypothetically speaking, let’s presume that the Kansas Board Of Regents decided to push for new academic curriculum relating to sexual education for first-year Freshmen and transfer students from Community …show more content…
The Kansas Board of Regents would be unique in their position on the Iron Triangle as the Regents would push for their interest both operating as a special interest groups, as well as a bureaucratic agency within the Iron Triangle Theory. The Kansas Board of Regents could push for the new curriculum to be passed in the Legislator, then they could implement those policies that they advocated for if it was passed. Following the passing of the hypothetical resolution/bill, the Kansas Board of Regents would probably be indirectly granted discretion when discerning how to implement or enforce the new law.
From my research, I have found that a state 's allowance or refusal to allow collective bargaining is not an influential factor when it pertains to how much influence a University has over the legislature. Collective bargaining occurs when a group of employees act as a single entity in order to bargain for more wages in the place of employment. It is very similar to how a workers union negotiates wages, time off from work, maternity leave, etc. As of April 2016, Kansas,
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This isn’t due to the lack of research or data that is available, it is rather due to the fact that people can meet informally and out of the public’s transparent view of what happens/what is said at meetings between the state 's’ Board of Regents and the legislatures in office. With humans, the amount of factors when it pertains to why we make decisions can be narrowed down, but it can never be proven. There can also be non-measurable factors involved as well. With that being said, based on my research and my interpretation of the data received by that research, I conclude that the main factor that trickles down into all of the secondary factors of influence is how closely the governor and the legislature follows the main political parties’ platform when it pertains to voting on tax policies and state budget decisions regarding post-secondary education. I came to this conclusion based on strong correlations between the funding of post-secondary education and the percent of property taxes allowed. If one were to use this correlation as the determining factor, Texas, the outlier, would be the state that places the heavier emphasis on post-secondary education and thus, the University’s main interest would be more heavily addressed and appeased in Texas. If one were to look at sheer numbers of
When comparing the amount of revenue of Texas, Tennessee and Utah and the type of taxes they charged, there is something that needs to be taken in consideration, and it is that the states differ in size and also in the amount of population, besides that the state of Texas lack of income tax revenue.
University of Texas at Austin. Texas Politics, The legislative Branch. Austin, 2nd Edition-Revision 94 2009, Liberal Arts Instructional Technology Services.
Many governments in the world, like the US have subgovernments, systems that help make the voices' of small groups interested in specific things heard. Without many subgovernments small interest groups would not even be recongnized. The iron triangle is one of those subgovernments; congressional committees work with interest groups and a bureaucratic agency to have demands met. Thanks to the iron triangle may small interest groups have a voice in their country governments' legislature.
On November 5, 2002, voters approved the reduction of class sizes around the state, much to the dismay of the governor and well-informed citizens everywhere. Governor Bush previously had warned that the revision to the constitution would cost $27.5 billion over eight years and would force the state to raise taxes and cut services. Unfortunately, naïve supporters of class size reduction chose to go ahead with the modification of the constitution for emotional reasons, having no actual evidence demonstrating benefit from smaller classes. Much evidence exists, however, to demonstrate why this amendment should not have been passed.
Prop 13 has been labeled as the main cause for the education systems woes, because it decreased property taxes and pushed funding responsibility for education to the state level instead of local governments. Its reform has been demanded on several occasions, it has even been referred to as an “unmitigated disaster”.(Bohnett 2010) Several other factors have had a negative impact on the California higher education system. For instance the reliance on volatile tax sources have created a roller coaster of ups and downs in funding. The initiative process has also allowed voters to delegate certain taxes for...
Texas Democrats extend this philosophy to the issue of public education. “All children should be able to attend a safe, secure school and have access to an exemplary educational program that meets their needs and abilities. All school districts must be adequately and 100% equitably funded. All Texans should have access to affordable, quality higher education and career education programs.” Clearly, they believe every child in Texas deserves a high quality education, and have outlined several propositions to accomplish this goal. Texas Democrats would like to reduce reliance on "Robin Hood" and instead utilize state revenue to es...
The funding of public education has long been an issue for the state government of Texas. Starting before Texas was even a state, public education funding was at the forefront of politicians’ minds. In 1836, one of the reasons Anglo-Texans wanted to become independent from Mexico was Mexico’s lack of a public school system (An Overview of the History of Public Education in Texas, 2016). This drove the desire of President Mirabeau B. Lamar of the Republic of Texas to create legislation that would grant public schools land (A Brief History of Public Education, n.d.). This act set aside four leagues of land per county for the use of free education centers and thus began the funding of public education by the state government (An Overview of the History of Public Education in Texas, 2016). In the last 177 years, the Texas Legislature and the Texas Education Agency have created numerous acts and laws regarding the funding of education, but it has been in the last 50 years that this topic has become highly contested, resulting in several lawsuits and endless efforts (by the school districts) to equalize the distribution of funds to Texas school districts (Texas School Finance History, n.d.). In sum, the complex issues and policies that surround the funding of public education are derived from a combination of the legislature, bureaucratic agencies, and local governments in the form of school districts.
Local governments rely on property tax as a source of revenue to pay for school. Yet people in the urban areas pay the higher tax than suburban and wealthy communities, states on the other hand, relies on The Average Daily Attendance (ADA), which calculates state aid to school districts, tends to discriminate against urban school districts with high absentee rates by automatically, and excludes 15 percent of its student aid. Therefore, in many urban areas, the state ratio of funding remains significantly lower than 50 percent out of the tree entities the federal government allocates the least amount of funding. Residents in these areas who are under edu...
The state standards are in place for students from Kindergarten to 12th grade. They govern what students should know from one grade to the next. The State Board of Education decides on the essential knowledge and skills that each students should acquire. This is done with the participation of “educators, parents, business and industry representatives, and employers” (TX School Law Bulletin). The curriculum was adopted in the late 1990s with a foundation curriculum development, with subjects including: English, health education, physical education, fine arts, economics, technology application, career development, Spanish language arts and careers and technical development (Texas Education Agency, 2016). The state has managed to change the curriculum over time to keep up with changing trends in education through the use of legislative panels. These panels would explore what changes were needed to the standards and would make recommendations accordingly. However, one of the controversies associated with TEKS is that the changes made by recommendations from these panels often go into effect immediately. They can often significantly impact students that may already be struggling in one are or another (Supovits, 2009,
While formulated with the underlying theme of providing a way to assess healthcare, the ideas of the Iron Triangle and Triple Aim have contradicting elements. First, the two ideas are fundamentally different as one is a framework, while the other is considered a concept. Second, the Iron Triangle is based on the foundation of element tradeoffs, whereas the Triple Aim supports the position that all framework components can be achieved together. Although there are varying ways to look at these two philosophies, they are different in nature.
Texas is an intricate state with deep roots embedded in limited government authority. Almost all, Texans, favor the limited government between citizens and state. The two most important cultures in Texas are individualistic and traditionalistic culture. Individualistic views are summoned by limited government and that politics are the root of malicious acts, and is usually responded with negative reactions from the community. The individualistic cultures’ vision is egotistical for ones self-interest. The individualistic culture is viewed as priority in private independent business rather that those of the community as a whole. Unlike individualistic views, traditionalistic culture is motioned by conservatism. This cultures vision is supported by the common wealth of society’s privileged. Its beliefs are usually of distrust in its bureaucracy. Traditionalistic culture maintains an obligation to its family hierarchy. The traditionalistic subculture has a lower voting turn out rate compared to the opposition. These distinctive cultures were bestowed upon Texans in the 1800’s, when Texas was changing into a diverse and demographically society. Individualistic and traditionalistic cultures are the outline of ideology and certainty to the way Texas government is administrated. This has a huge impact on the way the Texas structures its government and why people support such a structure. And Texas is viewed as both subcultures.
Based on U.S. Census data compiled by the Rockefeller Institute of Government, Gateway to States and Local Information, link: "States Ranked by Total Elementary and Secondary Educational Expenditures in Fiscal Year 2000","(accessed on 9/23/2003)." "The Impact of the State Higher Education System on the Texas Economy," Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, January 2003.
Margaret E. Goertz. Peabody Journal of Education, Vol. 80, No. 2, Federalism Reconsidered: The Case of the No Child Left Behind Act (2005), pp. 73-89
Kantrowitz' study also found that "Complying with the increasing number of regulations, in particular, with the reporting requirements, adds to college costs," therefore contributing to a rise in tuition to pay for these additional costs. Since deregulation, the average cost of tuition and fees at the state’s public universities has increased by 90%, according to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. Of the 181 members of the state’s 83rd Legislature, more than 50 have voted at least once to advance efforts to end tuition deregulation, while fewer than 20 have consistently voted to uphold it. Many have never voted on the issue, and more than 40 members are freshmen. This rise, however, is not entirely negative. Tuition increases help universities make up for that in their budgets.
As colleges’ funds dry up, colleges must turn to the public to further support higher education. By raising state taxes, colleges can collect funds to help improve the school’s budgets. The state provides funds from the taxes for colleges to receive a certain amount for each student currently enrolled. All community and traditional four year colleges collect these funds in order to maintain the school’s budget. As reporter, Eric Kelderman states, “less than a third of colleges’ budget is based from state taxes”. The school’s budget is how colleges are able to provide academic support programs, an affordable intuition, and hire more counselors. Colleges must now depend on state taxes more than ever for public colleges. Without collecting more funds from state taxes, as author, Scott Carlson explains how Mr. Poshard explains to senators “our public universities are moving quickly toward becoming private universities…affordable only to those who have the economic wherewithal to them” (qtd. in.) Public colleges must be affordable to anyone who wishes to attend. If colleges lack to provide this to students, it can affect dropouts, a student’s ability focus, and cause stress. The problem of lack of funding is that colleges have insufficient funds. Therefore, the best possible solution for the problem of lack of funding would be increasing and collecting more funds from state taxes.