Investigating the Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes Aim: To investigate the hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes Equipment and Materials 1-Chlorobutane 1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane Silver Nitrate 250cm3 Beaker Pipette Ethanol (2cm3 per tube) Bunsen Burner Tripod Test Tubes Stop Watch Water Bath Control and Variables · Use a pipette and measuring cylinder to measure exactly 2cm3 of ethanol into each of the three test tubes. (Make sure when using the measuring cylinder that all the readings are taken below the meniscus) · Heat the tubes together to ensure the same temperature · If I allow the temperature to get too high, then the mixtures will evaporate. · When timing how long it takes for a precipitate to appear in each test tube, the temperatures may fall so it is therefore advisable to re-heat the water in the beaker at repeated intervals. · Repeating the experiment again will help me avoid any anomalous results. Ideally, I intend to repeat the time measurements 3 times. Halogenoalkanes react with an aqueous solution of hydroxide ions according to the equation: RX + OH- Ù ROH + X- (X = Cl, Br or I) The following experiments examine the effect on the rate of hydrolysis when (a) the halogen is changed and (b) primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes and a halogenoarene are used. Ethanol is used as a common solvent for the halogenoalkane and for the silver nitrate solution. Water (from the silver nitrate solution) is used as hydrolysis agent in place of hydroxide ions, which tend to react too quickly for comparisons to be made. Environmental care: The aqueous residues will contain the heavy metal ions of Ag and the organic residues will contain halogenated hydrocarbons so it is important not to dispose of any waste down the sink. Place all residues in the marked beaker in the fume cupboard. At the end of the practical, the two immiscible layers in the combined waste can be
The experiment of Diels-Alder reactions, in particular the furan and maleic anhydride as used in my experiment, observed the exo product as oppose to the exo product. This shows the tendency for the stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder to yield an exo product in preference to the endo product. To determine the stereochemistry, a melt temperature of the product was taken and compared to literature values. The melt temperature for the product was roughly around 113oC, corresponding to the exo Diels-Alder product of furan and maleic anhydride. When compared to the class data of melting ranges, the melting temperature from the reaction was relatively consistent to the majority. Based off this, the assumption can be made that the Diels-Alder prefers
Wittig reactions allow the generation of an alkene from the reaction between an aldehyde/ketone and a ylide (derived from phosphonium salt).The mechanism for the synthesis of trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene first requires the formation of the phosphonium salt by the addition of triphenylphosphine and alkyl halide. The phosphonium halide is produced through the nucleophilic substitution of 1° and 2° alkyl halides and triphenylphosphine (the nucleophile and weak base) 4 An example is benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride which was used in this experiment. The second step in the formation of the of the Wittig reagent which is primarily called a ylide and derived from a phosphonium halide. In the formation of the ylide, the phosphonium ion in benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride is deprotonated by the base, sodium hydroxide to produce the ylide as shown in equation 1. The positive charge on the phosphorus atom is a strong EWG (electron-withdrawing group), which will trigger the adjacent carbon as a weak acid 5 Very strong bases are required for deprotonation such as an alkyl lithium however in this experiment 50% sodium hydroxide was used as reiterated. Lastly, the reaction between ylide and aldehyde/ketone produces an alkene.3
the replicate shows the same trend as the first experiment. I used a measuring cylinder and a beaker to measure out the amounts of water; however these did not seem to affect the quality of my results. To increase the accuracy of my results I could have perhaps used a burette. Even though I did the best I could to keep the experiment accurate, I did. some places there were mistakes that unintentionally occurred.
UV-254 nm, 15 V, 60 Hz, 0.16 A). Masses were taken on a Mettler AE 100. Rotary
This process is then repeated. In the second trial, the Mg ribbon did not completely dissolve and the results were thrown out. The third trial (referred to as the second in the following analysis due to the exclusion of the previous one) was successful, and measurements can be seen below. We then moved onto the second reaction using magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid in the fume hood. We measured 200.1 mL of HCl and placed it in the calorimeter, and an initial temperature reading was taken.
First thing you would want to do is try measuring out your volume of your solution, maybe from inside a beaker or flask. You also want to start titrating your solution until its specific endpoint has been gained. You can tell this, by the color that gives off from the solution. This is why we add a base to our concentration so we can eventually give off a color and figure out the titration. Well, I think that our methane gas and hydrogen sulfide gas would start giving off a reaction and the concentration would eventually lower. Since our concentration would begin to lower, so would our reaction rate for our reaction. Although, as our methane gas and hydrogen sulfide gas are being formed with our Hydrogen and Carbon disulfide, this is going to “jump start” a reverse reaction, which means if we start adding more of our substances to the reaction, its going to speed up the process. This will go on and on until we are at an equal rate and eventually in an dynamic
The waste was found in a new place between the walls of Tank AY-102. It is dry waste covering an area of 7 feet by 21 inches.
Planning Firstly here is a list of equipment I used. Boiling tubes Weighing scales Knife Paper towels 100% solution 0% solution (distilled water) measuring beakers potato chips Cork borer. We planned to start our experiment by doing some preliminary work. We planned to set up our experiment in the following way.
Variables --------- During the experiments, the water will be heated using different spirit burners containing different alcohols. I will be able to change different parts of the experiment. These are the. Volume of water heated:
The Effect of Temperature on The Rate Of Reaction Between Magnesium And Hydrochloric Acid Planning I'm planning on investigating how temperature effects the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid, the experiment will show whether the reaction will speed up or slow down with the change in temperature. Temperatures will range from room temp up until 70 degrees. The investigation will be a fair test because all quantities will remain the same for each test, each test will use the same amounts of hydrochloric acid and same size of magnesium, also the concentration of the acid will also not be changed. APPERATUS; · Conical flask · Bunsen Burner · Thermometer · Tri-pod · Protective matt · Stopwatch · Gauze · Measuring jug · Goggles
The goal of this experiment is to determine which products are formed from elimination reactions that occur in the dehydration of an alcohol under acidic and basic conditions. The process utilized is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a secondary and primary alcohol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and the base-induced dehydrobromination of a secondary and primary bromide, 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. The different products formed form each of these reactions will be analyzed using gas chromatography, which helps understand stereochemistry and regioselectivity of each product formed.
5.) One at a time, place your test tubes in the water bath and heat the first test tube to 25 , the second to 50 , the third to 75, and the last to 100 degrees c. Remeber to stir with your stirring rod every so often.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the affect of the use of a catalyst and temperature on the rate of reaction while keeping all the other factors that affect the reaction rate constant.
The bacteria and wastewater is mixed in an aeration tank and therefore the contaminants are removed by action of sorption and series of breakdown by the bacteria.
I blended on high to make the potatoes more liquid-like. I grabbed the cheesecloth and placed on the top of the blender. I poured the potato extract on the container and labeled it. I found out that I have to make 1% sugar solution so I grabbed the sugar and measured into 5 grams on the scale. I added 5 grams of sugar on 250 ml graduated cylinder and poured the water into the cylinder. I mixed the sugar with water and poured it into the saucepan. I refilled the water into the graduated cylinder and poured into the saucepan. I turned on the heat of the stove and saw the sugar dissolved. I poured into a container and labeled 1% sugar solution. I repeated the same thing with 1% salt solution by using 1 gram of salt and filled the water into graduated cylinder by 100 ml. I answered question three. In the first experiment, I grabbed four transfer pipets and used it to put solutions into the test tubes by 3ml. I labeled it and placed into the plastic cups so it can stand upright. I grabbed each test tube and poured 2 ml of catalase solution into it. I also tapped and swirled to measure the bubbles by using the ruler. I wrote the numbers into the lab report. In the second experiment, I labeled the room