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Characteristics of self disclosure
Review of attribution theory
Importance of computer mediated communication
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The article that I am doing my research analysis on is titled The Disclosure– Intimacy Link in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Attributional Extension of the Hyperpersonal Model. It focuses on the differences that attributions of self-disclosure on computer mediated communication (CMC) and face to face (FtF) interaction. In regards to communication, the article utilizes the social penetration theory, a theory which states that intimacy and self-disclosure are the main factors in developing interpersonal relationships(Altman & Taylor, 1973). With the social penetration theory in mind, research sought out to compare the result of self-disclosure on relationship intimacy in CMC as opposed to FtF interaction. The hyperpersonal model which explains that people communicating via CMC edit the way they present themselves, sculpting an ideal image in regards to the way they present attributions in development of interpersonal relationships. The hyperpersonal model is influential in this article and is the basis for the author’s theory on attribution. The authors hypothesize that: (H1) Relative to low self-disclosure, high self-disclosure leads to more intimacy in CMC than FtF interactions, (H2) Interpersonal attributions mediate the proposed intensification effect of medium on the disclosure–intimacy link, and (H3) the effect of self-disclosure on interpersonal attributions is greater in CMC than FtF interactions (Jiang, Bazarova, & Hancock, 2011).
To study these hypotheses the authors developed an experiment based on a 2 x 2 design which placed the communication medium (FtF vs. text-based CMC) and self-disclosure level (high vs. low) as between subject variables. In the experiment the authors accepted the level high/low self-disclo...
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...f-disclose information equally. Anyone with half a brain knows that females and males think very differently despite their physical similarities. That aspect was the one major weakness I noticed but other than that I would say this was a fantastic article.
Works Cited
Jiang, L., Bazarova, N. N., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). The disclosure-intimacy link in computer-mediated communication: An attributional extension of the hyperpersonal model. Human Communication Research, 37(1), 58-77. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01393.x
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Walther, J. B., Anderson, J. F., & Park, D. (1994). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A meta-analysis of social and anti-social communication. Communication Research, 21, 460–487.
The Social Penetration model demonstrated two way in which communication can be more or less disclosing. The model is like an onion with layers. The first dimension is known as breadth, which is the range of the subjects being discussed, which with an onion as demonstration would be the outer layers. Second is depth, the depth level is significant and more central to ourselves, In the onion this would be the inner and core. The inner and core layers are the things with most private and significant to us. Thus, sharing information from our depth may require greater risk taking. The information from this dimension of self is typically known by and held in confidence by only a few people. Due to the fact
In this specific example, people who discussed ethical issues anonymously showed more participation and and had higher persuation rates. Communication that is completely anonymous is often hard to analyze as it is naturally unpredictable, nonetheless there are some recurring characteristics. Often impression management is used at more liberty in these cases than communication where there is little or no anonymity. The ethical issues related with impression management, for example lying, are not as rigorously evaluated when there is the cover of anonymity. The negative outcomes of this characteristic include Catfishing and other forms of manipulation. On the other hand, this anonymity also makes it possible for people to engage in conversations without too many filters (for example, societal and cultural norms and political correctness). The impact of online anonymity on the ethics of impression management might stay in question, but it’s impact on self-disclosure in such environments is undeniable. Another characteristic of this communication environment is how it impacts the process of interpersonal relationship development-- it does not linearly follow the Interpersonal Developmental Model. Most relationships that form through this medium seem to be rapid during the earlier and final stages, and dwell on the middle stages. People bond quicker when they are communication anonymously when there are no known risks (Cacioppo, 110). They also destroy their relationship relatively quickly. This seems to suggest the process is generally rushed and mostly interested in the core emotional moments of the process, both the negative and positive emotions. Although anonymous computer mediated communication has significant differences from traditional, face-to-face communication and even that of non-anonymous CMC, it still has some
Over a period, more, and more detailed information would be exchanged. The social penetration theory can’t go without the discussion of self-disclosure as it is most important in developing relationships. Self-disclosure is the gradual unfolding of one’s self. It is defined as, “verbally communicating personal information about the self to another person (Forgas 449).” Depending on the stage of the relationship the information can range from thoughts, feelings, goals, fears, dreams, and favorites. Individuals usually maintain protective outer layers that surround a central core that represents the true self. Social Penetration theory suggests that as a relationship becomes increasingly intimate, the self-disclosures become increasingly deep (Tolstedt 85). The first hypothesis which is revealing one 's self can be compared to peeling an onion. Peeling away the layers are similar to revealing more about the self. There are four layers of information that we disclose. The first layer is the surface. In this layer, the information is shallow and usually consist of topics that do not have to be discussed. This type of information is visible information regarding the individual, which can be assessed easily. The second layer is the peripheral layer, where personal information is exchanged. The intermediate layer consists of the exchange of opinions about
The results of my Insightfulness snapshot in Appendix A indicate that I am normally excellent at understanding what people have to say although there can be circumstances I misread what the sender is saying and I contract the wrong impression. My snapshot of Self-Disclosure in Appendix B explains that I am occasionally open with my friends but I do not constantly share each personal detail with them. I would agree with most of these results because of the type of person I am and the relationships I have formed. I definitely concur that the majority of the time I have an excellent idea of what people are communicating to me, although there is the odd instance I am completely mistaken with my judgment. I would say predominantly I am well aware of what people are communicating. Furthermore I am an empathetic person and I know when I need to adjust my behavior to suit the situation accordingly. I agree with the snapshots and with time I believe both the messages I send will improve and the messages I receive will have more meaning and use to how I carry myself throughout diverse situations. In regards to self-disclosure I would agree and disagree with a few of the points made. I from time to time allow my friends in on my emotions and feelings, but I also think I have a good balance of sharing only what is necessary towards building a better relationship. There are a number of people in my life who I am close with but do not feel the need to share my intimate thoughts with. This is mostly because I have a small yet powerful support system already and I do not feel the need to have that closeness with all the friends. I think it is crucial to open up to the most important people in your life but very personal details should be kept pr...
Do you think people interact differently online than they do face-to-face? I certainly do. In this essay, I hope to express my point of view on this subject of whether or not people act differently using different forms of social interaction. I will be using three unique citations to help aid my understanding of interaction in the 21st Century. I found these sources online in a google search on the subject and also using keywords. I hope to demonstrate that by manipulating emotions, anonymity, and lack of accountability that we do act differently online than in person.
....N. (2001). Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 191-204.
Shih, D., Hsu, S., Yen, D. C., & Lin, C. (2012). Exploring the Individual's Behavior on Self-Disclosure Online. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 28(10), 627-645.
The purpose of this literary analysis is to determine if social networks are helpful or harmful to relationships. As social networking evolves, different aspects of communication suffer. Such as the social penetration theory, which “describes people as onions with several layers of information”. pressed tightly together in the cuff. The outermost layer consists of the kind of information you would get.
People create relationships with each other by sending and accepting messages that have an impact on the recipient (Kick, Sawyer, & Thomas, 2015). This can be done in person or through the internet. Social media is a great place to communicate with others because you can get instant responses without having to be in their presence. With new innovations in technology, people are able to access the internet through their phones. This allows people to access social media more often, without the need of a computer. Unfortunately, Kraut (1998) found that the internet is connected with decreases in social association and the mental prosperity that runs with social contribution. This can cause conflict in romantic relationships. In contrast, social media can create some positive feelings and behaviors for people in romantic relationships. Many people who use social media have used it to find a romantic partner. Studies have shown that people who form relationships online will have a positive impact on life satisfaction and well-being (Goodman-Deane et al., 2016). Unfortunately, online relationships may cause conflict in the future. Goodman-Deane et al. (2016) found that having communication with someone in person represented the best measure of both general satisfaction and satisfaction with their partner (Goodman-Deane et al.,
Lee, P. L. V. C. T. (2011). Internet Communication Versus Face-to-face Interaction in Quality of Life. Social Indicators Research, 100(3), 375-389. doi: 10.1007/s11205-010-9618-3 Retrieved December 3, 2013 from EBSCOdatabase http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=heh&AN=56788265&site=eds-live},
Over the last century, information technology, such as the Internet, has brought our society forward and helps us get through life more efficiently and conveniently. In addition, it helps making global communication easier and faster as compared to hand-written mails that may take days if not weeks to reach its intended recipient. However, with such luxury and convenience, there is a debate whether the way we currently interact with fellow human beings with the help of technology is good or bad to our personal relationships. The Internet has increased the amount of communication globally, yet ironically the very technology that helps us increase our communication hinders our ability to socialize effectively in real life and create a healthy interpersonal relationship.
This article is relevant to my paper because it asserts that through the use of technology, the quality of interpersonal relationships is diminishing to an unacceptable standard.
...nd/or social anxiety) are said to benefit from the use of social network sites because it provides a distinct medium for them to develop social relationships they would otherwise be reluctant to and, thus, a sense of social connectedness and support (Grieve et al., 2013; Indian & Grieve, 2014). Furthermore, the Internet-enhanced self-disclosure hypothesis by Valkenburg and Peter (2009), which was tested and supported, claims that the use of social network sites for online communication indirectly promotes psychological well-being by allowing individuals to self-disclose intimate information with existing friends that they otherwise wouldn’t do in face-to-face interaction. This increase in online self-disclosure has been found to enhance relationship quality, and these high quality relationships ultimately promote psychological well-being (Valkenburg & Peter, 2009).
which people communicate. How people form and maintain relationships are evolving in light of Internet-based technologies, most recently with the rise of social networking websites. Furthermore, these sites alter previously held beliefs related to identity formation and maintenance, as users may choose to share as much or as little personal information – whether true or fabricated – as they like with other users. These changes impact relationships in the offline world both positively and negatively. Although today people carry out their day-to-day relationships online, social media have weakened the meaning of friendship and emotional connections. In discussion of whether or not social media affects relationships positively or negatively, a differing viewpoint has been offered by William Deresiewicz in his essay “Faux Friendship” and Clive Thompson in his essay “I’m so digitally close to you”. On one hand Deresiewicz ridicules the use of online social networking in today’s society. On the other hand, Thompson contends and talks about how Facebook has positively changed the world.
“In order to maintain a positive on-going relationship in any difficult face-to-face circumstance, an individual must learn the appropriate socialization rituals. Knowing these rituals and being able to play a proper front stage role is crucial in order for an individual to get along with others (Brignall and Valey, 2005).” With the relatively recent rise of social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook, the means for maintaining relationships through these platforms rather than speech communication and face-to-face communication are becoming much more apparent and widespread throughout society. However, it is difficult to maintain these relationships without knowing proper social skills especially if these skills are not practiced or introduced to an individual. Although, “Communication frequency and self-disclosure play a role in computer-mediated communication and the formation of online friendships just as they do in face-to-face interactions and offline friendships (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 2008).” Yet, in our vast digital world that we reside in today, the ways in which we choose to communicate are becoming hindered by our participation in online communication. “We must have a philosophical understanding of the purpose and importance of communication to individuals and based upon this understanding, shape our attitude and value toward the communication process (McFarlane, 2010).” It is extremely crucial to understand communication’s importance and to not tuck the original beliefs and values regarding the tool underneath the rug, resorting and succumbing to communicating poorly in a fashion that mimics what we have now experienced via our devices. “As with any social change, we also believe there is a need to study and understand the impacts that change might have, regardless of whether such changes are viewed as positive or