Subject: Chemistry
Task: ERT (Extended Response Task)
Title: Instrumental Analysis: Response to Stimulus
Name: Lifa Whyte
Date: Friday, 14 August 2015
Teacher’s Name: Mr Lawler
Task 1: High Performance Liquid Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), also known as High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, is a technique used to separate compounds in mixtures (Clark 2007). HPLC is a type of liquid chromatography and is the separation of molecules in a mobile liquid phase by running them through a solid stationary phase (Bio-Rad Laboratories, 2015).
HPLC is based off Column Liquid Chromatography and involves a number of components: a HPLC column, mobile phase and stationary phase (O’Hanlon Cohrt, 2014). The HPLC column
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In the technique used, the Methyl Red is in its anionic form so emits a yellow colour. If the food sample injected into the HPLC column has a pH that will cause the indicator to change colour to red, the results will be inaccurate, as the detection system used doesn’t work well for the red wavelengths. One example where this could occur is when finding the cyclamate content of soft drinks which have a pH between 2.0 and 4.0, a range that would change the indicator colour to red, rather than yellow. To prevent this from occurring, solutions entering the column for testing should have their pH changed to a value that will not cause a change in the indicator colour (pH > …show more content…
ppm = mmol/L = = =
Therefore, the lowest value that can be detected by the technique is 28.17mg/kg. The table shows that the lowest permitted level of cyclamate in foods is 400mg/kg. This far exceeds the 28.17mg/kg limit so this value can be detected by the technique, as will all other maximum permitted levels of cyclamate in foods. Because of this, the method will be useful.
Recommendation:
The proposed method of detecting cyclamate can be used when finding cyclamate levels over 28.17mg/kg in foods. Though this is the case, it must be known that the process only picks up between 93 to 99% of cyclamate within a sample, meaning that up to 7% of the cyclamate in a sample may not be detected. For foods containing small amounts of cyclamate this will not have great effect, however foods such as low joule chewing gum will have greater levels of cyclamate undetected.
The indirect HPLC technique suggested can
Although this is the case,
Reference List
Bhanot. D, 2012, High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Module 4, viewed 6/815,
Bio-Rad Laboratories, 2015, Liquid Chromatography Principles, viewed
—- . ”Tyson Foods: Living Food Safety." Tyson. Tyson, 28 Feb 2014. Web. 7 Apr 2014.
The power rule is to be applied to get rid of “h” from the denominator, which equals to 1/h loga (1+h/x ). According to the power rule , 1/h is to be moved next to (1+h/x ), which equals to loga (1+h/x )^(1/h). In conclusion, (loga(x+h)-loga(x))/h= loga (1+h/x )^(1/h) is true. In addition, “h” cannot equal to zero because it would make the equation
Acrylamide is not a concern when food is boiled, microwaved, or steamed. The food and drug admini...
The distance of the initial extract line to a pigment band was divided by the distance of the marked solvent front to the initial extract line both were measured in cm. The RF (relative to front) was calculated for each pigment band, indicating the travelled distance between the pigment and the front (solvent line) on the chromatography
Hydrochloric acid is polar substance and has a linear shape with an electronegativity difference of 0.9; it has weak dipole-dipole forces/bonds between its molecules (intermolecular forces) and polar covalent forces/bonds between the chloride and hydrogen ions (Intramolecular forces). (5) HCl has a molar mass of 36.4609 g.mol-1. HCl is fully miscible in water as it forms hydrogen bonds with the water. Hydrochloric acid has a melting point of 247K and a boiling point of 321K if in a 38% solution. 17
I currently have the required amount of time in grade and service for promotion, but I’m facing nonrec for being PME incomplete. I have read and understand MARADMIN 521/14. I’m asking that you take into consideration that I haven’t had any opportunity to complete resident PME for the rank of Corporal due to injury. I was forced to sign a negative page 11 entry , and I’m being denied an opportunity to progress in rank due to a situation that directly correlates with multiple medical conditions caused by service related injuries. MCO P1400.32D states “Marines that are otherwise qualified do not lose their eligibility for promotion consideration or their selection for promotion due to hospitalization or temporary limited duty as a result of wounds,
Do you think kids get more and more violent after playing video games? I think that kids do get more violent and learn more negative things from video games. Such as when kids play games like Grand Theft Auto 5 and Call of Duty they want to shot and kill people. Games like Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto are rated M for a reason. An M rated game means mature, so you have to be 17 or older to purchase. Young 13 year olds should not be playing these games and getting so much negativity out of the game. So I think video games do cause kids and teens to do violent things.
Moreover, cholesterol recommendation is less than 300mg, I am glad that I am maintaining this level, as I took 278.33 mg of it. However, my sodium levels were higher i.e.
Scientific Realism is the view that the world that science identifies is the only true reality. This is entirely independent of what we may view as real. For instance, a divine deity in America is God. To some here, he is Yahweh. To others, he is a she named Venus, Lilith, the Sacred Feminine, etc. In other parts of the world, this creator being is Allah. In others he is Jehovah, Krishna, Ra, etc. This is not only true regionally, but chronologically as well.
Music has shaped the lives of people throughout history. Even in its earliest forms, music has included use of instruments. One of the oldest musical instruments known is a variation of the flute; the original flute is thought to date back nearly 67,000 years ago. Tonight we are going to move throughout the eras with a history of instrumental music. This concert will begin with the Renaissance Era and continue through time until we have reached modern instrumental music.
In this experiment I will be finding out which fruit juice contains the most vitamin C. I will be using a method similar to titration but I will be using a syringe instead of a burette.
vi. One possible improvement could have been to add an extra part to the investigation, involving the formation of a calcium citrate precipitate from the citric acid in the lemon juice (using limewater of a known molarity), which could be extracted and weighed:
Walford, J (1984). Adverse reactions to food additives and colours. In: Developements in Food Colours—2. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers LTD, New York pp. 207-209.
In order to make the processed food healthier, we may reduce salt, MSG, fats, colouring, additives and so on in the processing of food. However, we may overlook something more important. That is the toxicants formed during food processing. The formation of toxicants has a close relationship with the composition of foods and type of processing methods. In the following review, we are going to learn its occurrence, properties, effect and regulation on 6 selected toxicants which are commonly found in food consumed by us.
This clearly shows that the fruits and vegetables play a vital role in maintaining our good health. Fruits and vegetables are seasonal and grown in different parts of our country. They need to be stored for longer period and transported to different places. It makes necessary for us to find out whether there is any damage to the useful contents of the fruits and vegetable during the storage and transportation or due to some preservatives or other factors and what kind of nutrients, minerals, etc. are present in their juices. With this idea in mind, the project has been undertaken.