CHAPTER 2
INKS
Ink is generally referred to the fluid or semi fluid that contains dye or pigments and it allows us to produce text, design or image on a surface by coloring it. Our main concern is conductive ink that produces a conducting pattern on any king of surface. Due to its liquid nature, conversion in to solid printing requires several steps like drying, curing or melting. For understanding the basics of conducting ink, knowledge of printing ink elements and working is required.
2.1 Printing inks
Generally inks has two basic types: Liquid and semi liquid (thick). The basic composition of printing inks includes colorants, vehicle (binder), additive material like driers and carrier substances (solvent)
[6].
2.1.1 Colorants
The substances due to which the ink exhibits specific color is termed as colorants. They can be classified in to two parts: pigment and dyes.
• Pigments: Solid suspended particles and/or molecular agglomerates that must be detained in suspension. • Dyes: Organic compounds (in molecular form) that are dissolved in other required constituents of ink to provide specific color.
4
CHAPTER 2. INKS 5
2.1.2 Vehicle
The major fluid constituent of ink that holds the pigment or dye. Several type of vehicles are present:
• Non-drying oil vehicle: Drying of ink occurs due to absorption of the vehicle into the paper
(eg. petroleum).
• Drying oil vehicle: Drying of ink occurs due to oxidation of vehicle (eg. Linseed oil)
• Solvent-resin vehicle: Pigments are dissolved in the solvent composed of resin and drying occurs due to evaporation of the solvent.
• Water-soluble gum vehicle: This type of ink is also called â
˘
AŸwater colorâ
˘
A
´
Z ink, and use water soluble gum.
• Photo reactive vehicle: Drying occurs due to UV e...
... middle of paper ...
...10
5
Not required approximately
10 20m m in diameter and 2m m in thickness
Conductive pen, direct writing
Park et al. copper
(II) sulfate pentahydrate Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone
(PVP)
diethyleneglycol
(DEG)
Sodium phosphinate monohydrate
(NaH2.PO2.H2O)
ethyleneglycol and
2- methoxyethanol
10
4 at 275
0
C 10 mPa.s Required
200 300
0
C
45 8nm Direct writing, Ink jet Woo et al. Cu-Ag particle mixing exactly same method of
Park et al. to develop the
Cu nano particle [9] and
Kim et al. to develop Ag nano particles [5]
- - - 23.6 2.510
6
W.cm when annealed at
200
0
C
- Required
200 300
0
C
65
3nm(Cu)and 21
2nm(Ag)
Direct writing, Ink jet Dang et al. Ag nanoparticlecoated Cu nanosheets Exactly same method of
Dang et al. to develop the
Cu nanosheet, AgNO3 for coating the Cu nanosheet.
- - - 8.9 106 - Not required - Conductive pen, direct writing
CHAPTER 2. INKS 17
To start with, the first separation technique we performed on the heterogeneous mixture was filtration. According to our observations of the residue, we believed graphite was one of the substances in the mixture. Graphite, a known ingredient used in pencils, is black or dark grey in color, like the dark spots on the filter paper (Figure 1B), and has the ability to leave marks on paper and other objects. Of the potential components given to us, only graphite possessed the ability to make a mark on other surfaces. This was supported by the smudges left behind on our finger and filter paper (Figure 1A, bottom filter paper) when we touched the residue.
The inks are not pure substances since the pigments get separated along the filter paper.
At the initial stage of the investigation all the visible evidence is to be observed from the latent impression perspective. At this stage only the physical evidence is taken into account. The objects can be divided into porous and non-porous surfaces from the imprint ability preservation perspective. It is advisable to send all the available evidence to the laboratory expertise, though the non-porous substances...
When looking at custom t-shirts, hoodies, tote bags, water bottles, etc. you may see different print methods that were used, such as silk screening or heat transfers. Both process have their advantages and disadvantages. A lot of the decision of which method to use will come down to the number of items being produced. For small batches, maybe fewer than ten, it may be cheaper to go with a heat transfer process, but with larger quantities, the times savings will counteract the setup cost and it will wind up costing less all together.
Because Pinterest is searched for an abundance of DIY projects, many including canvas paintings and vintage signs, this tutorial is bound to pop up when searching how to apply lettering to a surface. The audience on Pinterest is quite broad—ranging from kids to adults—which allows for different perspectives when engaging in the video. To emphasize the thesis, once a video is posted on YouTube it can be embedded to a link and pinned to Pinterest.com, searched on google and found through the author’s
About 10,000 diverse species of pigments and dyes are used in industries, which show that an annual use of almost 7×105 tonnes in world. Dyes are intractable and toxic materials, they oppose biological breakdown (Souza et al., 2007).
Food coloring is typically used in food and drink products. Another term used for food coloring is artificial color. It is added to give the product a certain colored appearance. Food coloring can come as a gel, paste, liquid, or powder. Food coloring contains various chemicals but is often based from petroleum
To put it more vividly, the printing process of a 3D printer is like making a melaleuca cake with various materials. And “the materials”, as the inventor of this technology Charles W. Hull once wrote, “include polymers, metals, ceramics, composites, food, probably other things, too”. So, imagine these materials can be melted like cream and stretched as thin as the hairline. The printer uses these lines to draw the outline of the object based on the inputted or scanned blueprint firstly and then overlaps the lines upon the previous frame just like decorating the cake with cream.
For instance, it is used to determine the vitamin content and nutritional quality of foods, for spoilage detection, process control of foods, and to detect food additives (e.g. Bio-Rad). According to the article by Flinn Scientific Inc. “Paper chromatography is [often] called adsorption chromatography. The paper acts as an adsorbent, a solid which is capable of attracting and binding the components in a mixture. The mixture to be separated is “spotted” onto the surface of the paper and a solvent is allowed to seep or flow through the paper by capillary action. If one of the components in the mixture is more strongly adsorbed onto the paper than another, it will move up the paper more slowly than the solvent. Components that are not strongly adsorbed onto the paper will move up the paper at a faster rate. This ‘partitioning’ of the components of a mixture between the paper and the solvent separates the components and gives rise to different bands or spots. If the components of the mixture are colored, like food dyes or pigments in an ink, the colored bands are easily distinguished.” Paper chromatography is an easy and useful process. This process is beneficial because it allows consumers to know exactly what chemicals are in their
Light is what lets you experience colour. The pigment of the retina in your eyes is sensitive to different lengths of light waves which allows you to see different colours. The wavelengths of light that humans can see are called the visible colour spectrum.
The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artist’s papers. Many kinds of wood can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce.
Imagine printing what ever it is you need from your own office or home. In addition to that, you will have full control customizing the product and the printer will have no difficulties achieving your designs. All you have to buy is the ink and the material additives and the printer will do the rest.
In the world of fascinating sights, colors are all are found everywhere in all sorts of ways. Colors are put into categories and types depending on what one is looking at. Some categories of colors may include: value-tints/shades, complementary colors, analogous colors, cool colors, warm colors, and neutral colors. The types of colors within these categories include: primary, secondary, tertiary, complementary, analogous, active and passive colors. These types and categorizes can be seen in a circular diagram that is divided by hue, saturation, and value called, the color wheel. The color wheel consists of all colors that are within the visible spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum A basic color wheel includes: red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, and violet. As one looks cl...
To prevent this, the research team sprayed dielectric substances before applying the conductive ink to prevent shortage. Espalin et al. (2013) the authors described a process in which a gyroscope was manufactured using FDM to be used on a NASA satellite. The porosity of the FDM substrate was improved by modifying the raster-to-raster air gaps, preventing the ink from leaking.
The two main ways printers work is either impact or nonimpact. Impact printers have a device that touches the paper and then creates an image while nonimpact does not touch the paper. The type we use most often in our homes is the nonimpact printers; these include the ink-jet and laser printers. The ink-jet printer drops ink from a nozzle onto the paper. The laser printer is a bit more complicated because it uses toner, static electricity, and heat to get the ink where you want it on the paper. This is nice though because it decreases the drying time that may cause ink to smear, especially when you are printing pictures. (Tyson)