Psychologists study can result from more than one set of conditions, whether the observations refer to motor behaviors, verbal reports, or biological processes. This implies that the probability of discovering robust relations between a class of incentive and a category of outcome will be enhanced by looking for patterns of measures, rather than focusing on single, usually continuous, variables. (i) Infant temperament Persuasive support for the significance of patterns is found in research on high and low reactive infant temperaments. In study of infant temperament, Kagan (1994) affirmed the variation in the frequency of avoidant reactions to unfamiliar situations or people among 2-year-old children. In his study the consistently shy, avoidant …show more content…
A taxonic analysis of the infant data by Woodward, Lenzenweger, Kagan, Snidman, and Arcus (2000) and Loken’s (2001) latent class analysis of the more extensive evidence gathered from 4 months to 7 years of age affirmed the wisdom of our decision to create categories of infants based on patterns of behaviors. In addition, Fox, Henderson, Rubin, Calkins, and Schmidt (2001) have replicated some of these results and confirmed the utility of basing the classification of these two infant temperamental biases on patterns of motor activity and …show more content…
There are many reasons for this claim. First, individuals vary in their networks of representations of past feelings and images that are linked to the words. No person has conscious access to these implicit knowledge networks or their brain states, each of which can affect their verbal
When a child is considered avoidant it is most often shown that the child gives little to no reaction about the mother returning, they may think about it and then almost instantly change their mind. The resistant children seem angry upon the return, they may act out for wanting comfort within the mother but then are unable to calm down to receive the comfort. Then secure, will look for the mother’s arrival, look for the comfort in her, and then go back to what they were previously doing. A sub group called B-4 is a group of secure children of which the child expresses a lot, may act out and need a lot, but also knows that they have their mothers ultimate love and attention.
The Strange Situation places infants into one of three categories, however Main and Solomon (1986) argued that a fourth attachment type, called disorganized and disorientated, was displayed in a small number of children. Their behaviour was a confusing mixture of approach and avoidance, and they generally were unable to form a strategy to cope with the Strange Situation. There are also marked intercultural differences in the ways infants react, as shown by Van Ijzendioorm and Kroonenburg (1998), who carried out 32 studies worldwide. Overall, Type B (secure attachment) is prevalent, but there is a higher proportion of type A in western
Secrets of Baby Behavior. Infant Development from 6 to 7 months: New Wonders, New Skills, and New Fears. Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.secretsofbabybehavior.com/2009/10/infant-development-from-6-to-7-months.html. McLeod, S. (2008). The 'Secondary'.
Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2014). Infancy. In Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence (p. 158). Australia: Wadsworth.
In “Understanding the Anxious Mind” we are introduced to Jerome Kagan, a Yale Ph.D. graduate and psychology professor at Harvard University. In 1979 he conducts his first longitudinal study at the school to challenge the idea that children are more than just “difficult” or “easy” based on temperament, and recorded the findings and analyzations of over 400 preschoolers exposed to new stimuli and their reactions. Over the years 107 returned to be reexamined in which he found that very few showed signs of change over a period of 5 years and therefore, not much could be determined due to nature vs. nurture being a factor. Kagan conducted a second longitudinal study on temperament and its effects over time in which his test subjects this time were
The results of the study claimed that the attachments developed over time and goes through four stages. From birth to six weeks it’s the Pre-attachment or Indiscriminate phase, the infants respond to all stimuli in the same ways and so does not have certain attachments or preferences about who they were with, towards the end of the stage the child begins to show a preference for social stimuli (e.g. smiling). Between six weeks to six months it’s the Discriminating phase, they become extremely sociable with anybody, cl...
In this essay I am going to show my understanding of a child's early emotional development based on the psychoanalytical view of child development. I will show how emotional skills gained in the early years can be of a significant relevance to later life. I will show my understanding by illustrating it with the clinical material. Although I am focusing on the psychoanalytical approach to child development I believe that it is beneficial to present also some general background knowledge of child development.
...no doubt that infants should get affectionate care from their parents. However, waiting for them ahead is the complex socialization and interaction between other social factors, which will greatly influence their development. This development also depends on which social class the children belong to. Because it is the continuity of events that shapes one’s perception, experiences that correspond to one’s social class, as well as how they are interpreted, will directly affect later development (Kagan, 1998, p.128). Considering the amount of time and various events that children will be going through for their lifetime, events in the first two years are rather insufficient to determine the whole course of later development.
Anyone who has spent time with or around children will notice that each one has a special personality all of their own. Children, like adults, have different traits that make up their personalities. Experts have researched this phenomenon in detail and classified children into different categories. Some experts have named more than three categories, but Peter L. Manigone has chosen three that most experts agree with. These categories have been named “flexible,” “fearful,” and “feisty.” Children generally may have similar interests, but the way they interact and deal with these interests displays their personality type.
from the first bar, she quickly swung her feet over to the side for leg support.
Bio-Psychologists study the principles of biology as it relates to the comprehension of psychology in the field neuroscience that underlies ones emotions, ideology, and actions (Brittanica). Based upon the conduction of research, the relationship between the brain and ones behavior extends to the physiological process in one’s intellect. Scientists are cognizant that neurotransmitters function as a significant role in mood regulation and other aspects of psychological problems including depression and anxiety. A biological perspective are relevant to psychology in three techniques including: the comparative method, physiology, and the investigation of inheritance (Saul Mc. Leod).
Baumrind, Diana (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88.
behavioral styles at age 3 are linked to their adult personality traits at age 26. Journal Of
Edited by Raymond J. Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Second Edition, Volume 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
"Simple Successive Discrimination And Functional Class Formation In Preschool Children." Psychological Record 63.3 (2013): 525-544. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.