Malika Alami-Binani
Professor Kirkham
English 395
May 7, 2014
Paper 2: In Response to Anger
Betty Friedan and Audra Lorde are two feminist authors who represent different waves of feminism. Friedan represents second-wave feminism; in fact, she is often credited with igniting a flame beneath the movement when she published The Feminine Mystique. This is the movement associated with white, middle and upper class housewives in the 1960s through the 1980s. Lorde represents third-wave feminism. A response to or even a backlash against second-wave feminism, third-wave feminism is typically associated with the 1990s. Lorde was highly active in the 1980s. However, because she discusses issues of race and sexual identity within the feminist movement, she can be envisioned as on the forefront of this wave of feminism. In The Feminine Mystique, Friedan subtly addresses anger through her chosen language and through direct quotations from historical feminists and women she has interviewed. Lorde directly addresses anger through an essay entitled The Uses of Anger: Women Responding to Racism. Both discuss anger as a natural response to female oppression and a catalyst for change in the world.
Friedan’s wave of feminism came after a lull. Sometime after women proudly took the vote with The Nineteenth Amendment, after they worked proudly in the place of their fighting husbands and brothers and sons, the first feminist movement quietly died down. During this lull “American women, with the ability and education to discover and create, [decided to] go back home again, to look for “something more” in housework and rearing children”. (Friedan , 121) Friedan asks why. She concludes that as young women were faced with their sex’s first opportunity to ...
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When anger is a response to an offense, “its object is change.” (Lorde, 4) This is the power of anger, its force of both creation and destruction. It can be utilized to form close bonds between people who are righteously angry at the same offence. Similarly, it can be used to tear down the walls of exclusion, to remove power from the forces that exclude. But if ignored, it can destroy women from the inside, tear them apart.
Both Friedan and Lorde view anger as a compelling force of the feminist movement, first-, second-, and third-wave. Anger is a natural response to oppression. Only in accepting our anger can we determine the root of it. Often women ignore or turn their anger inward, assuming that it stems from an innate, internal dissatisfaction. But anger directed externally, at the true root of the anger itself, is powerful enough to change the world.
Marilyn Frye, a feminist philosopher, discusses the idea of oppression and how it conforms people into gender roles. She claims that it is based upon membership in a group which leads to shaping, pressing, and molding individuals, both women and men.
It was expected of women to get married, have children, buy a suburban home and do housework. The video, “A Word to the Wives” displays what Betty Friedan calls, “the feminine mystique”. The video presents the dilemma of a woman who is not happy because she does not have the newest house. Her friend has all the new “necessities” in order to successfully complete housework. Women were defined by what they had, not by who they were. Friedan’s research found that despite fulfilling the “feminine mystique”, when women were questioned they realized they were not truly satisfied with their life. The woman in the video would not of been fulfilled by buying a new house, or object. Women were deprived of the need to put their skills and talents to a purpose. The video, “Are You Popular” also shows the expectations of women.. It promotes that appearance, serving others, and rewarding men with “women” gifts such as baking is how to be popular. It condones girls for “parking in cars” but accepts men who do the same thing. Women must earn the approval of men, and men must earn women by doing thing women are “incapable” of. The repression of women in the 50’s is what eventually causes the “outbreak” of feminism in the 60’s. The idolism of the “female mystique” covered the sexism against women in the
Here, as women were gaining more progressive rights, they were actually degrading themselves in trying to bring awareness to rape. Instead of telling women to defend themselves in the moment, feminists were telling women to go to court after the actions. Young spoke against this, pleading that women be strong individuals and refuse to submit to men and social norms. The Third Wave of feminism pushed for these rights, and degraded women in the process. Feminists oppressed themselves, as they had many of the rights they had desired before. Feminists got the rights they had been seeking, and then sought to protect themselves from rape, and caused a kind of hysteria. Women oppressed themselves by trying to defend themselves against men. Instead of saying to defend themselves in the moment, third wave feminists said to allow whatever was happening to take place and then to bring the man to court. This sent the wrong message, as women fell back into their way of being obedient to
In the novel The Awakening, by Kate Chopin the critical approach feminism is a major aspect of the novel. According to dictionary.reference.com the word feminism means, “The doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.” The Awakening takes place during the late eighteen hundreds to early nineteen hundreds, in New Orleans. The novel is about Edna Pontellier and her family on a summer vacation. Edna, who is a wife and mother, is inferior to her husband, Leonce, and must live by her husband’s desires. While on vacation Edna becomes close friends with Adele Ratignolle, who helps Edna discover she must be “awakened”. Adele is a character who represents the ideal woman. She is loving, compassionate, and motherly. Throughout the novel Edna seeks something more from life than what she has been living. Also, she is unhappy with her marriage, and all through the summer falls in love with Robert Lebrun. Furthermore, Edna attempts to become independent, free, and in control of her own destiny. During this time period the Feminist movement was taking place. The Feminist movement was a time when women fought to prove themselves equal to men. Women fought for the rights to vote, have jobs, and go to school. The late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen hundreds showcased the power the women had to prove their equality. According to the excerpt, “Women of Color in The Awakening” by Elizabeth Ammons, “… The Awakening is its heroine’s break for freedom.” Ultimately, this shows how most women, especially Edna Pontellier, try to break free from the burden of society. Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, showcases the feminist critical approach through women’s roles, women characters, influences, and in...
Countering the common social impression that anger in response to a perceived wrong is met with a sense of guilt and fear for dread of fueling conflict by propagating intense self-aware emotional reaction, Lorde makes a cogent argument by elucidating the utter essentiality of anger expression as a means to gain multi-faceted insight into conflict. Lorde realizes this argument regarding the use of anger in a social context to combat racism through the essential and fundamental appeal to such a universal and potent emotion as rage of injustice. Anger effectively transcends race, gender, and class distinctions through its ubiquity to the human experience, and thus provides an initial and embracing commonality to all members of Lorde’s audience. Rather quickly within the delivery of her speech, Lorde provides her audience with a series of concrete anecdotal examples of her many encounters with racism as to avoid her speech “becom[ing] a theoretical discussion” (Lorde). Lorde’s use of these pithy stories of the “harshness of Black women” (Lorde ) and their “self-serving” role in the perpetuation of the issue of racism remedies the common problem of an audience “unacquainted with [orator] provocation, [who] cannot bring [the orator’s] case home to [themselves], nor conceive anything like the passions it
The “Feminine Mystique” is a highly influential book in the early second wave feminism movement. It is said that it helped shaped the demands of the second wave by insisting for the right to work outside the home, and to be paid equally; the right for reproductive freedom; the demand that women should not be expected to have children and be mothers if they do not want to. Betty Friedan addresses “the problem that has no name” which is the women who are highly educated, suburban housewives that are bored and want something “more” in their life. This is the point where women knew we needed a second wave. Women’s role had gone backwards and they were beginning to realize that they were all experiencing the same “problem that has no name”. “The
Anger is a signal …. It may be a message that we are being hurt, that our rights are being violated; that our needs or wants are not being adequately met or simply that something is not right ( 1).
Everyone experiences anger at some point in their life. We all have those topics that if it gets brought up we automatically go into our defense mood, whether it be sex, religion or politics . We all have had those skeletons in our closets that we don’t like to bring out. Commonly anger and aggression are used together but they aren’t the same thing according to the Interpersonal Conflict textbook, “Anger differs from aggression is an attack whereas anger is the feeling connected to a perceived unfairness or injustice. Anger can help people set boundaries when they need to be set and to right wrongs.”
Betty Friedan wrote many books, however, “It Changed My Life”, “The Second Stage”, and “Beyond Gender” will be mentioned in my paper. Friedan fought for many things such as the perspective of the change in school, home, and workplace, women’s rights, and women’s right to choose whether it is how they want to live their life or how they take care of their bodies such as abortion. The mindsets of women from her novels between the1960s to the 1980s changed drastically, from the time of women having plenty of free time, to women not having enough free time. Many women during this era, did not want to be like their mothers, and Betty Friedan was one of them. Women play such an important role in our society that they should be given everything a
Shaw, Susan M., and Janet Lee. Women's Voices, Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print.
...ithout discrimination. Often using the media as a way to quickly generate and spread new theories and ideas, Third Wave feminism is morphing into what is known as ‘Pop feminism.’(Page 82) Increasingly more people are getting involved with the feminist movement, and realizing that people of all ethnicities, social backgrounds, and sexualities should be treated with respect.
When comparing the works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Betty Friedan, and Bell Hooks, I assert that both Gilman and Friedan stress that college educated, white upper- and middle-class women should have the incentive to fight against and alter the rigid boundaries of marriage; however, Hooks in her piece From Margin to Center argues that Friedan and other feminist writers during the second wave had written or spoke shortsightedly, failing to regard women of other races and classes who face the most sexist oppression.
The late nineteenth century was a critical time in reshaping the rights of women. Commonly this era is considered to be the beginning of what is know to western feminists as “first-wave feminism.” First-wave feminism predominately fought for legal rights such as suffrage, and property rights. A major hallmark of first-wave feminism is the concept of the “New Woman.” The phrase New Woman described educated, independent, career oriented women who stood in response to the idea of the “Cult of Domesticity,” that is the idea that women are meant to be domestic and submissive (Stevens 27).
Pretty Woman is a modern take on the classic Cinderella story where a poor misguided girl meets her prince and her life is dramatically changed. This film has fairy tale elements, but the biggest element in the movie is the use of sex; Vivian, the main character, is a prostitute. She meets her “prince” and is swept off of her feet, but what this really means is that she is bought for an entire week by a handsome, wealthy business man. One would assume that he was buying her for sex, but this is not your average prostitute transaction. This movie has a lot of third wave feminism ideals. Third wave feminism deals with using the female gender and sexuality to further the cause and portray their views. The ultimate goal of this paper is to show that Vivian Ward (portrayed by Julia Roberts), is the poster girl for third wave feminism.
Throughout the 19th century, feminism played a huge role in society and women’s everyday lifestyle. Women had been living in a very restrictive society, and soon became tired of being told how they could and couldn’t live their lives. Soon, they all realized that they didn’t have to take it anymore, and as a whole they had enough power to make a change. That is when feminism started to change women’s roles in society. Before, women had little to no rights, while men, on the other hand, had all the rights. The feminist movement helped earn women the right to vote, but even then it wasn’t enough to get accepted into the workforce. They were given the strength to fight by the journey for equality and social justice. There has been known to be