VOLATILE OILS
Volatile oils are odorous constituents of the plants. They are liquid, lipophile, volatile with characteristic smell. Volatile oil will volatize or evaporate when exposed to atmosphere at ordinary temperature, so they are called ethereal oil. They also called as essential oil, as they essence or concentrated constituents of the plants. Volatile oils are insoluble in water, which is sufficient to impart taste and smell of the water and it is used for the preparation of aromatic waters in pharmacy. Volatile oils are soluble in alcohol, ether and other lipid solvents. Volatile oils are usually lighter than water. They have high refractive index and optical rotation. These oil present in entire part of the plant or other parts of plants like leaf, flower, bark, etc.... They are some important families that contains volatile oils are Labiatae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae and Zingiberaceae. Volatile oil present in structures as glandular trichomes,
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Generally, volatile oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. It is derived from terpenes and their oxygenated compounds and it is made up of isoprene unit. Terpenes classified as monoterpenes (contains two isoprene units) , sesquiterpenes (three isoprene units), diterpenes (four isoprene units), triterpenes ( six isoprene units), tetraterpenes (eight isoprene units), pentaterpenes ( ten isoprene units) and polyterpentes ( n number of isoprene units). Volatile oil also contains phenyl propane derivatives. Volatile oil containing others chemicals like limonene, alpha - terpinene, terpinolene and alpha and beta phellandrene, these are monocyclic monoterpenes. Limonene is widely distributed and it is present in citrous oil, caraway oil etc... Pinene is bicyclic monoterpene, zingeberene and caryophyllene are
Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Some of these solutions use the common cleaning agent ammonia hydroxide, which is non-flammable. The cleaning solution also contains isopropyl alcohol, oleic acid, pine oil and water. These ingredients are very non-toxic compared to some ingredients, such as formaldehyde, in other cleaners. Oleic acid comes from a variety of animal and plant sources. Pine oil is an essential oil that comes from needles, twigs and cones from pine trees. This pine oil is commonly used as a lubricant for small clock parts. Watch rinsing solution contains similar ingredients and is designed for rinsing out watch parts. The rinsing solution removes the oily film at room temperature and does not have any odor. Sufracants Dirt, grime and buildup can accumulate in cuckoo clocks, causing them to not function properly. Because of this, solutions that remove this dirt and grime, work well with heavy dirt buildup. Furniture polish should not be used because it can make the buildup problem even worse. Surfractants are usually used in cuckoo clock cleaners, while other cleaners are made out of soap. Surfractants are substances designed to allow water to move more freely on surfaces, which allows water to more effectively clean objects. Petroleum Distallate Watch cleaners usually use petroleum
OC can be produced synthetically, but unlike CS gas OC is a naturally occurring substance. It is found in the oily resin of cayenne and other varieties of peppers the same peppers used to "heat up" spicy foods. Contact with OC partcles in a sprayed mist incapacitates subjects by inducing an almost immediate burning sensation of the skin, But more important, the swelling of the eyes. The most abundant and potent part of peppers and consequently pepper extracts are capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, which contribute most to the capsaicinoid concentration and pungency of the pepper. The concentration of capsaicinoids in a pepper ranges from 0.1 to 2.0% (dry weight) and this will be dependent on the particular type of pepper. Growing conditions of the peppers and time of harvest will have an effect on the capsaicinoid concentration. The components of oleoresin capsicum that cause irritation are the capsaicinoids. This group of chemicals comprises at least six compounds. Capsaicin is the major component of oleoresin capsicum responsible for the mixture’s irritant properties. Other capsaicinoids include the structural analogs to capsaicin: dihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillylnonanamide), nordihydrocapsaicin (7-methyl-Nvanillyloctamide), homocapsaicin (trans-9-methyl-N-vanillyl-7-decenamide), homodihydrocapsaicin (9-methyl-N-vanillyl decamide), and pelargonic acid vanillylamide. Along with the capsaicin solvents and propellants are also introduced into the can to provide a stable liquid aerosol. The solvents and propellants used in the manufacture of OC sprays vary from one device to another. In addition, combinations of solvents have been used in certain devices. Finally, many devices do not describe the exact solvent used or the percentage
What is aromatherapy? In an article titled “Phytotherapy Research” by Amr Edris, he describes aromatherapy as, “The use of essential oils and their volatile constituents are widely to prevent and treat human disease.” Aromatherapy is said to be an alternate form of medicine that uses essential oils, which are made up of volatile plant materials. With these essential oils it is said that they help to alter a person’s mood, health, mind, and cognitive function. It is also said that aromatherapy could substitute as treatment or prevention for certain diseases. There are many different types of oils used for aromatherapy in different ways for different outcomes. Such methods include the topical application, aerial diffusion, and direct inhalation. Topical application is any direct contact with the oil, used such as placing the oil in a bath or directly on to the skin. Aerial diffusion is where the oil is placed on the carpet around you or even on to a pillow or bed. Direct inhalation is a method where the oil is placed on the hands and rubbed together then while cupping your hands under your face to inhale the oils, this has a very powerful effect when used. Some uses of aromatherapy are for used as anti-depressants, relive stress, help with relaxation, insomnia, acne, itching and many more. To cure anxiety lavender, chamomile, rose, vanilla, and cardamom oils are all used for this. Lemon, jasmine, rosemary, sandalwood, and peppermint oils are all used to help with depression. When dealing with fatigue it is said that basil, cedarwood, clove, and eucalyptus all help. Headaches can be cured with lemon grass, thyme, ginger, and cinnamon oils. Caraway, chamomile, lavender, and rosemary oils are all used to help with menstrual cramps. The...
Every plant varies slightly in composition and the different parts of the plant vary in chemical constituents. In 1993 researchers discovered 400 to 500 chemicals. Some of the major types of chemical constituents in marijuana preparations include acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and amino acids. Cannabinoids, esters, enzymes, glycoproteins, hydrocarbons, ketones, lactones, nitrogenous compounds, phenols, pigments, proteins, sugars, steroids, terpenes, and vitamins are others (Carroll 1993). These are among some of the naturally occurring chemicals in marijuana and were derived from the Institute of Medicine and the Marijuana Project from the University of Mississippi. Furthermore, researchers have found that when cannabis is burned, additional chemicals are formed and may be found in the gas and smoke. One of the chemicals produced is benzopyrene, which is a known carcinogen. It is approximately 70% more abundant in marijuana smoke than in tobacco smoke (Carroll 1993).
Most substation transformer failures, excluding acts of man or nature, can often be traced to poor maintenance of the transformer or its related components. Catastrophic failure of a substation transformer can be prevented by accurately testing the condition of the oil on a yearly basis and by having a monthly visual inspection program in place. Most of the checks on a substation transformer are relatively simple: checks for oil leaks, oil level, temperature, the operation of the on-load tap-changer, etc. However, if the oil paper insulating system of the transformer is breaking down, it can only be detected by oil analysis. By testing the physical and chemical properties of transformer oil, a number of problem conditions can be identified before they lead to transformer failure.
The first group of chemical compounds to be discussed are terpenes. Terpenes are a very comprehensive group of metabolites which are known to contain essential oils that produces well-known scents in herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family (Scott 2008). These scented compounds are usually found in the trichomes of basil, rosemary, lavender, etc. (Scott 2008). Electron micrograph images of these trichomes can be seen below. According to Keeling & Boltmann (2006), there are about 30 000 known types of terpenes which originated from structures created from terpene synthases. These terpene synthases can be broken up into three groups, monoterpene synthases, sesquiterpene synthases, and diterpene synthases (Keeling &...
Lorenzo’s Oil is a story about a family that one day made a doctor visit and their lives were altered forever. The parents, Augusto and Michaela Odone, learned that their five year old son Lorenzo, which was experiencing some abnormal symptoms, had a rare disease. It name is adrenoleukodystrophy. Doctors told the Odones to take their son home and make his last days comfortable because he was going to die within two years. The thought of losing their son was unbearable and hard them to grasp. The parents refused to accept the news and fought to save their son’s life. The parents began to educate themselves to determine what, if anything, would keep their son alive. This story portrays how parents during trying time digs deep inside of themselves and fights to save their son’s life and beats the odds.
1. Lorenzo’s parents used the scientific method to solve the situation of lorenzo dying by coming up will solution to his ALD problem and stayed up late every night for years straight just to find a cure for ald and to save their child and all the other kids that suffer from ald and save their lives and many other life that may yet come and suffer from ald
Introduction Palm oil is considered an essential ingredient for the production of foods and other products in which human use. The Orangutan Project (2015) states that ‘palm oil is derived from the fruit of the oil palm tree’, and the ‘palm oil plantations are the main driver for deforestation in Indonesia’. The harvest of the palm trees for the production of palm oil affects the ecosystem as it can affect the environment. This investigation highlights the advantages of the palm fruit providing nutrients, it is essential for the production of products, and this production being that palm oil can reduce poverty. The negatives of how the production of palm oil negatively affects the environment, the habitat of the animals, and social consequences such as the loss of income.
Oil includes any viscous liquid that has a non-poplar chemical content at ambient temperatures. Oils are both hydrophobic and lipophilic. Any form of oil has a high hydrogen and carbon content which is normally flammable and slippery. Oils are classified as chemical compounds which may otherwise be unrelated in properties, structure and uses. Modern researchers have made exhaustive explorations within some of the major oil fields in an effort to detect the rate at which the oil products are becoming depleted. This exploration and scientific research has been driven by the high consumption and extraction of oil in the last century.
Crude Oil Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon molecules formed over millions of years when the remains of microscopic sea creatures trapped in sediments were converted by heat and pressure into crude oil. The most abundant of these mixtures are the ones containing hydrogen and carbon only. These hydrocarbons can take on a number of different forms, i.e. alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. They vary in size and shape and viscosity. By manipulating these chains of hydrocarbons you can create any number of useful substances as they are very adaptable.
...e dandruff, and is also used as a healthy massaging oil. Sesame oil is also used in shampoos and conditioners
Ethers are organic compounds characterized by an oxygen. The compounds are bounded by two alkyl or aryl. Ethers look like alcohols and both of these look like water. Within alcohols there is one hydrogen atom replaced of water replaced by alkyl but in ether, hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are usually nice-smelling and colorless when they are room temperature. Compared to alcohols ethers are less dense and soluble and usually have lower boiling points. Ethers are usually unreactive and so most times they can be useful as solvents. The solvents are waxes, oils, fats, perfumes, resins, dyes, hydrocarbons and gums. Ethers play an important role in medicine and pharmacology.
The oil refinery converts crude oil into valuable products and supplies. These products are made and sent to many countries abroad, in which are transported on land or along rivers and canals. Crude oil is then arranged and categorized into segments by fractional distillation. Raw crude oil, or unprocessed crude oil, is not normally beneficial in most industrial applications. Low sulfur crude oil has been valuable as a burner fuel to construct steam for the force of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements have the ability to construct explosive and dangerous vapors in the gas tanks. There are extremely hazardous, and are often used in war ships. The remaining hydrocarbon molecules are filtered from crude oil and used towards lubricants, feedstock, plastics, and fuels.