In our day today life everybody is having a problem to lead their life. Compare to men, women are having so many problem to life survive life, health wise also they are more prone to get certain conditions such as cancer breast, cervix and uterus. For cancer cervix the best painless, easiest and simplest test is Pap smear. It is nothing but the papanicolao (pap) smear. Every woman must go do Pap smear test, after marriage and at yearly once.
Incidence:
In world – Approximately 510,000 new cases per year. Approximately 288,000 deaths per year. In India every year 22,844 are diagnosed with cervical cancer
- 57,477 die from cervical cancer.
Definition:
Mrs. SangeethaGopi,
Nursing tutor, Rani Meyyammai College of Nursing, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, cuddalore (DT). Tamil Nadu.
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Advice women to lie on the examination table on her back with her knees up and bent and her feet in stirrups. ii. Introduce the metal or plastic speculum into the vagina to visualize the vagina and cervix clearly.
iii. By using a wooden scraper or a small cervical brush or broom or spatula to take a sample of mucus and cells from the cervix and endocervix. iv. The sample of cells are evenly applied to a glass slide and sprayed with a fixative.
v. Send the sample to lab for close and careful examination under a microscope. vi. Another new kind of pap smear is called “thin prep test” the sample is rinsed into a vial and sent to a lab for slide preparation and examination. vii. A cytologist reviews both types of test.
After the procedure:
i. A negative or normal test finding means that the cervix looks healthy. All the cells are of a healthy size and shape. ii. A positive or abnormal test finding means that something unusual is in the sample, the test found cells of a different size in shape. iii. An abnormal Pap smear result does not always indicate cancer cells, sometimes appear abnormal but are not cancerous. The women will have to return to the clinic for follow up
...cap of the sperm pink and the nucleus red, and a picroindigocarmine dye, which turns the mid piece of the sperm blue and the tail of the sperm green. The stained samples would then be placed under a microscope and hopefully spermatozoa would be present so that DNA testing could be performed.
The Pap smear had the potential to decrease that death rate by 70 percent or more, but there were two things standing in its way: first, many women- like Henrietta-simply didn’t get the test; and, second, even when they did, few doctors knew how to interpret the results accurately, because they didn’t know what the various stages of cervical cancer looked like under a microscope.
"Women's Health." Pap Test Procedure, Test Results, What Abnormal Results Mean, and More. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. .
Moreover, I will let the patient become familiar with any instruments such as a speculum, and demonstrate the tools that will be used to obtain tissue samples that would be used during the examination. Explaining the procedure is also a significant step; this will allow the patient have a sense of control during the examination as we ask and answer questions about their current state, that would help disseminate any concern they may have. Meanwhile, they can learn about what may happen, related to any body sensations or feelings they can experience during the procedure, all while the provider continues to develop rapport and patient’s trust
According to Government of Pakistan Census in 1998, the estimated number of women in reproductive age group (15-49 years) in the country is 28.5 million, which makes 46 percent of total female population. There is scarcity of data to estimate true burden of the disease amongst these women but in one study , PCOS was found in 20.7% of women of reproductive age group in Pakistan (4).
“Second, eggs are retrieved through a minor surgical procedure that uses ultrasound imaging to guide a hollow needle through the pelvic cavity to
According to Leah Albers, Certified Nurse Midwife, three-quarters of all of the deliveries are performed with women in a supine position, or lying on their backs (Keen, DiFranco, Amis, & Albers, 2004). However, as evidenced throughout history women across all cultures have used both upright and “gravity-neutral” or supine positions to give birth to their babies. Before the introduction of the forceps in the 17th century, women were rarely shown to be giving birth in a supine position. Earlier in history women were encouraged to give birth guided by their own “inner wisdom” in a position that was most comfortable for them; a position which was rarely lying on their back (Keen et al., 2004). The majority of women today, especially in Western society, deliver their babies in supine positions because it is the most preferred position of the midwife or nurse and has been a tradition for many years (de Jonge, Teunissen, van Diem, Scheepers, & Lagro-Janssen, 2008). On the contrary, the use of supine positions rather than upright positions is not the most optimal modes of delivery for the mother and the baby. Thus, to change the clinical practice on labor and delivery units, it is the responsibility of the nurse to continue to seek evidence-based practice research and obtain knowledge through education to guide the mother through informed choice, in choosing a birthing position during the second stage of labor that is most comfortable to her and will yield the most optimal outcomes for herself and her baby.
Adjusting your workstation equipment heavily influences the ability to perform an exam with proper ergonomic techniques. Examples of adjustments that can be made to the work station include, chair type, chair height, keyboard position, monitor position, as well as table position (HSA, 2014). Different equipment modifications will need to be made to suit the sonographer’s ergonomic needs for every exam. For example, Carolyn Coffin discuses techniques related to endovaginal scanning. She explains that while performing an endovaginal exam you should move the ultrasound machine to the end of the table providing close access to the machine and keyboard. She also suggests that you move your chair to sit between the patient’s legs; this will provide an ergonomically proper position for the sonographer. By making proper ergonomic changes based off exam type sonographers will alleviate pain as well as aid in MSI prevention (Coffin, 2014).
The Information gathered in 2012 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies concluded that cervical cancer, “... used to be the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States” (“Cervical Cancer Statistics”). But these statistics have gone down significantly in the past forty years because Planned Parenthood facilities provide to women pap smears to detect cell changes before the cancer develops. On the other hand, Planned Parenthood does not directly provide mammograms for women, their doctors and nurses “... teach patients about breast care, [and] connect patients to resources to help them get mammograms” ("Breast Cancer Screenings"). The important health care work done by the Planned Parenthood Clinics is, at times, over sought and even forgotten when the organization is embroiled in controversy as it finds itself in
Annette could not take that as a final answer and told her that she would not just leave it and should get a second opinion and have another test run. The patient went back and requested a more thorough test be completed, she got the results back and everything was clear and her primary care physician assured her she was fine. Initially she would perform the exams as learned in school, but now after finding something abnormal, she now does a more thorough check, especially on patients with a previous history of cancer. This incident solidified her belief in early detection and proper documentation.
9. Obtain a second sample with a sterile applicator stick and smear over an unpunctured section of the fruit.
The first step was to add 1 mL of a premade 8% sodium chloride (salt) solution to a large test tube. One mL is approximately 20 drops from a pipette. The salt solution is very important because it will go into the DNA and destroy the histones that the DNA is wrapped around (Rice, George). It will also start to break apart the cell membrane so we can get to the DNA (DNA Extraction Techniques).
Stillbirth is confirmed through a physical exam by your health care provider, and other tests such as an ultrasound or amniotic fluid study.
Histopathological samples are examined in vivo where the relationship between the cells is maintained and observable. These can be cross sections of small organs or slices of larger ones. This results in a large number of cells being available and their cell-to-cell interactions apparent for examination.
In the early days most pregnant women would rely on their grandmother’s silly predictions or other old wives tales to predict whether their unborn baby was a boy or a girl. However, women had no way of knowing the sex of their baby until the actual moment of birth. The idea of gender determination has always been a challenge, and to this day one still cannot fully understand the concept of gender determination. However, with the use of modern day technology and much research, experts have found ways to determine the sex of unborn fetus.