CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
As a branch of applied linguistics, translation is an important tool of the meaning transfer from one language to another for every aspect of life throughout the world. Major aspects of life such as religion, literature, science, and technology have depended on the translation role. In general, the translation role in human civilization and advancement is without a doubt contributive.
The contribution of translation to human knowledge is facilitated by the translator’s knowledge and expertise in at least two different languages. This notion makes the relation between translation and languages are inseparable. Translation is always related to different languages and different language forms for representing
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Regarding translation and equivalence, Nida in Venuti (2000) states that “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” It is realized that the result of translation is not exactly the same but equivalent to the meaning intended from the source text. The term “closest natural equivalence” refers to a very close similarity in meaning. Naturalness in translation is essential. It makes the translation more acceptable. To achieve naturalness in translation, a translator must have excellent knowledge of the receptor language into which he is translating as well as excellent knowledge of the source language. The term “style” refers to translation that has similar function and effect as intended by the source language. A good translator has to try to ensure the style of the source language transferred to the target language. Thus, considerations of the text style must be made in order to render similar intended functions and effects of the source language into the target
Words are almost translations themselves. They are re-creations of other words from other languages and from their own. They are metaphors—dead because they have been "carried across" into alien languages, and dead because we no longer hear them. They are the memories of, and allusions to, what they once were.
The different translations of The Oedipus Cycle emphasize and suggest different aspects of the presented scene. There are multiple examples of this in the comparison of The Fitts and Fitzgerald’s Translation and the Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. Brunner’s Translation. Such as the differences in format, sentence structure, and diction imply different characteristics. Also, similarities in the two translations reinforce the importance of the concepts.
If you have ever had a conversation with someone whose first language is not the same as your own, you are probably familiar with the idea that there are certain words and phrases that do not translate perfectly from one language to another. This conflict is usually a matter of one language having a single word or succinct phrase for a concept which another language might need an entire sentence to capture.
Translation is a linguistic science, but it occurs within a theological and moral framework. The issue is a sensitive one, as theology involves an obligation to the text and morality involves an obligation to the
"For the translator, who stands astride two cultures, possesses two different sensibilities, and assumes a double identity" —Husain Haddawy
This book mainly focus on the relationship between translation and culture. It addresses the shift of focus from translated block of text to the binding of translations and the cultures involved in generating these translations. It also covers the significance of translation for cultural planning.
Nowadays, translation and interpretation are professions that are on the rise; this is due to globalization and more especially with the inception of Internet in our daily life. Because of this, there is currently an increasing demand for information and knowledge waiting to be translated into several languages, so the need for translators and interpreters eventually increased and is expected to continue growing in the coming years as people from all corners of the globe are more intertwined as never before. In few words, translation and interpretation in the present time is a big deal. So in order to monitor and assess the need for translators and interpreters, I decided to replicate the results of Lynne Bowker´s article “What Does It Take to Work in the Translation Profession
Translation has always played a key role in shaping cultures, societies, languages, and literatures throughout the history of mankind. On the other hand, in contrast to all its potentials, the discipline has been underestimated within academia and it had not been studied in any systematic way as a planning activity until the last century (Toury, 2002). Having been overshadowed by linguistics and comparative literature, the discipline of translation studies was conceived as a subordinate academic field. This is mainly because translation was merely seen as a code-switching activity and firmly stuck in the paradigms of fidelity and equivalence.
If there is one thing in this world can be defined as the most magnificent process of revealing a culture throughout history, it must be literature. But how can people show this great achievement to another culture if they cannot communicate with each other? Translation helped with this idea, according to Apple dictionary, translation is “the process of translating words or texts from one language into another”. The value of literature had been successfully shared thanks to translation. So, what are the impacts of translation in literature? The answer must have to deal with the following sub points, that is to provide literature works a broader platform, to let people from different cultures to analyze and study the work from different angles,
To begin with a brief definition of translation, it can be stated that it is basically transferring the words included in one language to the other by making necessary changes and sticking to the source language taken from either the source text or source speech. With the help of rapid technology and the network among countries, the significance given to translation has become an indispensable part of wide range of business and communication purposes. The source determines whether it will be a job of translators or interpreters. It is important to refer each of them by explaining the differences between them at this point.
Slocum, J. (1984). "Machine Translation: its History, Current Status and Future Prospects ", Siemens Communications Systems, Inc., Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Language is a means of human communication whether verbally or nonverbally. In everyday life we use language to express our thoughts, feelings ,attitudes,etc.A great amount of social interactions takes place every day over the telephone ,by online chats, face –to face interaction or at workplaces .We use language of different forms for different functions as in to inform, question , and sometimes to strengthen social relationships or just to keep the social wheels turning smoothly. Moreover, understanding one's own language and even other cultures’ language is important to arrive at a successful and effective communication with others . The study of language can be undertaken in various ways .Semantics and pragmatics are two branches of linguistics which are concerned with the study of meaning.
Translation was founded a hundred of years ago because the importance of communicating and understanding other people with different languages. Translation is a bridge that fills the gaps between two languages and cultures. Moreover, “it is a communicative process which transfers the message of a source language text to a target language” (algaz, 2015, p.183). It is not only conveying the meaning from the one language to another language, but also transferring the culture and tradition of the community. Lefevere (2003, p.2) describe the translation as "channel opened" and it can influence on the target culture by the foreign culture. It cannot be denied that translation has a pivotal role in communicating and sharing culture. Ideology and
If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language that goes to his heart.” ‒ Nelson Mandela. Since the 1960’s learning a second language has decreased by 30 percent in today’s society. People who wish to learn an additional language often do so to communicate with people who reside in different countries. With an increase in today’s globalization, it is forcing companies throughout the world to break the language barrier. However, with the advancement of technology, numerous citizens find it unnecessary to learn another language, as a translation is at the tip of their fingers. The methods of learning a foreign language can differentiate between people. Nevertheless it has been
Translation of the cultural and traditional terms in Malayalam is the major challenge during translation. Common words are very hard to translate .It is not an easy task to transplant the text from one culture in to another. The originality of the meanings are thus lost in the act of translation.