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“Any language users belong to a particular speech community, which has a long- term established history, culture, customs, human, idioms and values .And these must be reflected in the common language of the speech community.”（Hu Zhuanglin，1992:186）So “The most fundamental values in a culture will be coherent with the metaphorical structure of the most fundamental concepts in the culture.”（Lakoff & Johnson, 1980:22）
Lakoff & Johnson (1980) stated that our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. That is to say, metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Metaphor plays an enormous role in shaping one’s everyday understanding of everyday
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4.4.1.3 The Outlook on Life in the Metaphor LIFE IS A GAME.
People can watch or take part in all kinds of games, such as, basketball games, football games, chess games, etc. Thus, games are familiar to all the people. In other words, people have common knowledge and universal experience of games: in a game, there are participants, who compete with each other to win, a playing ground, the final goal, win or failure, rules etc. Therefore, based on the universal experience and knowledge of sports, there is shared life conceptual metaphor LIFE IS A GAME.
In the corresponding “life” conceptual structure, there are also many competitions between people to get prize or honor. People compete with each in some company or occupation or any area in the world within rules. Peoples’ achievement is conceived as the win of a game, failure means that people lose the
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Door is the channel for people to go in or out of the building, and the threshold level determines whether people can go in or out of the house smoothly. When there is no threshold, it is the easiest time for people to access. The higher the threshold is, the greater the obstacles for people to go in and out the building. In the corresponding “life” conceptual structures, “threshold” means all kinds of restrictions and requirement in life and “door” corresponds to the necessary passage for people to achieve life
In Theodore Isaac Rubin’s essay, “Competition and Happiness”, he summits about how in today’s society its always the battle eat or be eaten. Therefore our parents always tried to get us involved at an early age to help with our self-development, well being, and health. Since our culture has made us believe that competition brings out the best of us. Yet, it simultaneously brings out a stressful, isolating, and paranoid ambiance at a very young age. I agree with Rubin’s notion since the use of our time and energy is determined by competition and limits our happiness because it weakens our sense of identity.
“Metaphor.” Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism - Forms - Technique. Ed. Joseph T. Shipley. New York: Philosophical Library, 1943. 377-8.
... A metaphor, used as a communication skill, is best described in a political way. Think of Reagan’s Voodoo economics, or Bill Clinton building a bridge to the 21st century. Politicians can easily scam an ignorant voter, should one not understand a metaphor. For example: Clinton refers to building a bridge, but does not tell us with which tools he intends to build it with. This particular concept is valid alone for the above reason. Whether you are talking to a teacher or watching television, metaphors need to understand.
He is the author of many books including Sport, Play, and Ethical Reflection and the coauthor, with Craig Clifford, of Sport and Character: Reclaiming the Principles of Sportsmanship. In his book Sport, Philosophy, and Good lives professor Feezell’s research question is if it seems plausible to think of sports activities as meaningful and to believe that such activities contribute to a meaningful lives. In addition, the primary method utilized in this research consisted of many document analysis about many top athletes’ lives. In the research, professor Feezel found out that competition has a bigger essence of seeking to become good than rather the actual activity. In fact, in a deeper level, competition is the reference in the way the athlete’s identity is fixed in relation in how good they did. In other words, sport affect directly an athlete’s self-esteem which created a meaning in their lives. In fact, professor Feezell’s work is related to professor Pelling’s work in many ways. Both of them talked about how important is to an athlete to win a competition. They stated that how well they did in a competition can impact their lives. This work is relevant to the topic of why sports are important to college students because how good they are go directly to how the personal
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) spend much of their book talking about where metaphors come from, how they function in conversation, what their tie to underlying social structures might be. However, I read the book hungrily looking for some information about why metaphors serve a purpose that nothing else seems to for me. Finally, near the end I found this statement:
After reading the novel Ender’s Game there are many surprises and themes. The main theme is life is a game; Bonzo, Ender and, Peter best prove that with many reasons like: cheating, patience, and enemies. Those supporting points mentioned above contribute to the theme of life is a game because it deals with traits of a game. Some games take patience, some you fight enemies and when the game is difficult people result in cheating.
In the journal “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor – now new and improved!” the author Gerard Steen talks about new some ideas in the study of contemporary metaphor. The author explains “[T]hat metaphorical models in language, thought, and communication can be classified as official, contested, implicit, and emerging, which may offer new perspectives on the interaction between social, psychological, and linguistic properties and functions of metaphor in discourse”(Steen 1). I believe that not only can metaphor be classified in these groups, but when we look at the emerging model — which refers to metaphors that emerge through social interaction – we can see that metaphors found in computer science that occur during social interaction usually
Metaphors, according to Professor George Lakoff, are a way to think and reason about life. They are not a unique way to speak about it, but a common way to talk about life experiences since they are a reflection of our thought processes (1986). This became immediately apparent to me when I began looking for metaphors commonly used. It took some time to find any because they were pervasive of my thought system that I did not even notice many phrases around me were metaphors. Those phrases were not “poetic or rhetorical” way of talking, but a normal usage for those around me to express their thoughts (Lakeoff, 1986, p.216). The metaphor that came up several times on my search was history as roots. This metaphor allows us to think about life in a certain way and it holds particular implications for our interpersonal communication.
metaphors alone? The use of metaphors in war and everyday life is common and an
Agreeing with Aristotle, Carson claims that mistakes in the form of metaphors enable people to learn because they cause the mind to “experience itself in the act of making a mistake” (30). This experience enables the mind to learn from contradictions and juxtapositions, demonstrating that metaphors and mistakes in general are beneficial for the human mind. To further prove this claim, Carson walks the reader through a
In the book Metaphors We Live By, authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson address the traditional philosophic view denouncing metaphor's influence on our world and our selves (ix). Using linguistic and sociological evidence, Lakoff and Johnson claim that figurative language performs essential functions beyond those found in poetry, cliché, and elaborate turns of phrase. Metaphor permeates our daily experiences - not only through systems of language, but also in terms of the way we think and act. The key to understanding a metaphor's effect on behavior, relationships, and how we make sense of our environment, can be found in the way humans use metaphorical language. To appreciate the affects of figurative language over even the most mundane details of our daily activity, it is necessary to define the term, "metaphor" and explain its role in defining the thoughts and actions that structure our conceptual system.
of an athlete’s life. At its simplest level the process of setting goals and targets allows
Life is full of obstacles and challenges that occasionally require help from family and friends, and steps that we all must take. As human beings, we are constantly learning throughout these steps and challenges. So in this sense, life is similar to a game of soccer because just as in everyday life we go through the same obstacles, and have people there to support us. In a game of soccer, players, acquire cuts and scrapes just as we gain experiences throught our lives, and once the game is over we celebrate with our team, or with family. Life is like a game of soccer in terms of important people, accomplishments, obstacles, and perseverance.
“Sports are for fun, but they also offer benefits and lessons that carry over into all aspects of life”. This well-known anonymous quotation conveys the message that sport is the game which has some rules and custom. It is not only for fun and entertainment, but there are also some benefits of playing sports and which gives some important lessons for life. Every kind of physical sports is healthy because it involves running, jumping, stretching, mind skills and much more. There are so many sports available in the world nowadays, but we can categorize them by the numbers of players, the three main categories are individual sport, dual sport and team sport.