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Quizlet concrete strength
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As we know nowadays concrete plays an important in civil engineering field. Use of concrete has also overcome the brick masonry.
Concrete is mixture of cement, aggregate (fine and course), water and chemical admixture is also added when needed. About 75% of total concrete material is acquired by aggregate. So, it is important to choose the right type, quality and quantity of aggregate. The main matrix of concrete is made by aggregate. The aggregate particles are bounded with each other by cement and water. There are two types of aggregate: (1) coarse aggregate and (2) fine aggregate (sand). The course aggregate forms the main matrix and the fine aggregate forms the filter matrix by filling up the space between the course aggregate. With the
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If concrete mix is designed properly, the use of admixture is not needed. However, to change the properties of concrete the admixture could be most convenient way.
Compare to other building materials such as metals and polymers, concrete is significantly more brittle and exhibits poor in tensile strength. Based on fracture toughness values, steel is at least 100 times more resistant to crack than concrete. Concrete in service thus cracks easily, and this cracks create easy access routes for deleterious agents resulting in early saturation, freeze thaw damage, scaling, discoloration and steel corrosion, which ultimately results in structure failure.
The concerns with inferior fracture toughness of concrete are alleviated to large extent by reinforcing it with fibers of various materials. The resulting material with a random distribution of short, discontinuous fibers is termed as fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and slowly becoming a well-accepted mainstream construction
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Therefore, a single representative value, known as characteristic strength is used.
Characteristic strength of concrete:
It is defined as the value of the strength below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall (i.e. there I s 95% probability of achieving this value only 5% of not achieving the same)
Tensile strength of concrete:
The estimate of flexural tensile strength or the modulus of rupture or the cracking strength of concrete from cube compressive strength is obtained by the relations.
The tensile strength of concrete in direct tension is obtained experimentally by split cylinder. It varies between 1/8 to 1/12 of cube compressive strength.
Creep in concrete:
Creep is defined as the plastic deformation under sustain load. Creep strain depends primarily on the duration of sustained loading. According to the code, the value of the ultimate creep coefficient is taken as 1.6 at 28 days of loading.
Shrinkage of Concrete:
The property of diminishing in volume during the process of drying and hardening is termed Shrinkage. It depends mainly on the duration of exposure. If this strain is prevented, it produces tensile stress in the concrete and hence concrete develops
At first the Romans did not realize the superior ability of concrete. They began by using it as a fill. They would also cover up the concrete with decorated stones. The concrete they used did not look pleasing because they had mixed it with any arrogate they had available. Later, once they discovered how useful concrete could be, they used it for everything they could. They built their houses, roads government offices, theaters, temples, and everything else they could out of concrete. Concrete was far superior in strength to stone and mortar, and it was easier to make than marble was to quarry and assemble.
Later on, in the first century AD, the Romans began to use concrete in greater use. The architects of Rome used this concrete to make many structures including domes, arches, and vaults. They added bricks to these structures to improve the strength of the building. After adding the bricks, they put on an extra layer of marble for decoration.
If the ancient Roman innovation of concrete, were to not have been significant, it would not have continued to be used across the globe. In fact, ancient Roman hydraulic cement-based concrete was so notable that modern day scientists are trying to, “replicate the exact formula for which ancient Roman concrete was made.” This is due to ancient Roman concrete being so sturdy and strong that aspects of it have lasted over 2000 years without deterioration. Without the innovation of Roman concrete, many of the modern world’s infrastructure would not be stable, causing havoc across the globe. Also, advancements in construction, health, and even safety areas would not be possible, as almost every piece of infrastructure, from sewerage and water pipes, to building and security walls, would not be able to remain as safe to use. This is because the modern world relies so heavily on concrete, with around five billion tonnes of concrete being used around the world each year,becoming the single most widely used material in the construction industry. In fact, around 76% of all first-world infrastructure is reinforced with concrete. Without this substance, much of the modern-world's infrastructure would not be as tall or sturdy as what it currently is, as it would simply deteriorate or break. Hydraulic cement-based concrete is certainly the most significant Roman
The existence of a basement carpark resulted in the use of concrete as part of the structural makeup of the building. Concrete was also used structurally in the cores and floor slabs for its fire resistance and tensile and compressive strengths.
During the construction phase, it may occur because of - Design error - Deficient concrete production - Bad execution
In this paper we have studied compressive strength of concrete by replacing natural aggregate with recycled aggregate by 25%, 50% and 75%.This mixture formed in the sample of cubes of dimension 150x150x150mm3.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
[20] BS Part 116: 1983. Testing Concrete and determination of compressive strength. British Standards Institution ;
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
Ancient Rome, like all great nations, had a rich cultural and economic heritage, which many of their outstanding achievements still signalize the last two thousands years, most famously the development of concrete and the arch, it came as an enormous boon for Roman people, particularly their housing and construction, together with made a palpable difference to the country’s infrastructure and helped the expansion of Roman empire. Although the discovery of both building materials was usually accredited to the Etruscans of Tuscany and the Greek, but actually Romans carried them to extremes, hence it is worth discussing all the innovative uses and revolutionary impacts in depth. Next, let’s take a closer look at concrete first, an indispensable tool for engineers nowadays. In antiquity, Romans intelligently mixed lime mortar, water, rubble stone, with a local volcanic ash, then manufactured a new form of concrete called opus caementicium, it was in fact a relatively durable, inexpensive, light, strong substitute that enabled Roman to build solid foundations of the houses and harbor structures later on, it can be applied to pave roads and terraces as well. In addition, “one of the notable uses of concrete was to create aqueducts, pipes that brought fresh water from mountains into cities”(n.d.).
Now a days HPC is expensive than conventional concrete. It require additional materials in some quantities as to meet specified performance.These additional materials are cement,silica fume,...
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Most people may not realise but concrete plays a vital part in our lives daily. It shapes and creates the built environment in which we are surrounded by, such as schools, bridges, roads, housing, hospitals, dams and so much mores. Concrete is the most used man made material in the world, averaging around 3 tonnes annually for each person. In comparison with other building materials such as wood, steel, plastic and aluminium, over twice as much concrete is used globally than any of these materials. It is the material choice of most purposes due to its strength, durability, thermal mass and its cost.
Cement is a finely ground compound of limestone and clay or marl (Chandigarh, 2001). It is used in hydraulic binding since it hardens and binds together aggregates and becomes waterproof thereafter. The most popular use of sand is in building and construction where it is used to bind sand and gravel to obtain concrete used in constructing houses, roads, water channels, among others. Yanbu Cement company produces different types of cement such as Portland cement types I, II, III and IV.
The strength of materials are expressed from the point of view of machine designer. A machine designer needs to know the properties of different materials so that he can select the most suitable material for each part of a machine. A machine designer uses his information of stress to make sure that the stress is reasonable and that each part of the machine is sufficiently strong. Strength of materials is the scientific area of applied mechanics for the study of the strength of engineering materials and their mechanical behavior in general (such as stress, deformation, strain and stress-strain relations). Strength is considered in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength, namely the limit states of compressive stress, tensile stress and shear stress respectively.