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Ethics theories data privacy essay
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Introduction Assertiveness is defined as “the ability to express ones feeling, ask for what one wants, and say ‘no’ to what one doesn’t want” It is a desirable trait that resolves conflicts with ‘sensitivity, responsibility, and action.’ Assertiveness could be a learnt ability or be part of the personality of the beholder. In this investigation, the level in which assertiveness could be learnt, through observation, will be explored. The behavioural and cognitive components of assertiveness will be investigated to see how they will be affected by observation of assertiveness. Such information could be helpful for young adults in determining whether assertiveness could be learnt. It could also provide some information on the level of ease …show more content…
This allowed the analysis and exploration of the data collected. It was a subjective quantitative design, where there were rating scales provided to answer the question and numbers allocated to different choices. The independent variable in the investigation is the level of assertiveness a person withholds with and without observation of the act. The dependent variable in the experiment is the level of cognitive and behavioural assertiveness. There will be two groups used, the experimental, who will observe the act of assertiveness through a video, and the control group, who will not be exposed to anything. This will be measured by adding the results from the questionnaire the participants attempted. The scores will be averaged and the experimental and control group will be compared to one another by displaying both results in a graph. Two graphs will be used, one for cognitive assertiveness and the other for behavioural. This will provide a visual interpretation of the mean scores calculated. The results will be used to see whether the participants that witnessed an act of assertiveness will have a greater overall average than the participants that were not exposed to such an …show more content…
The participants were notified beforehand that the process of anonymity will be kept by providing each participant a random three-digit number that represents their personal data. This coincides with the laws of ethical consideration, as the participants’ personal data were kept anonymous. However, during the process giving the teacher the results of each individual, the participants had to read their results out loud. This was done while the other participants were present in the room as well, hence there is a high possibility that their results were heard by the others. This contradicts the process of ethical consideration of keeping the information anonymous, taken before the investigation, as it jeopardises the participant’s anonymity. The other participants may hear their scores of what they received from the questionnaire, which may lead to the participant to being judged for receiving such a score. For example, a participant may have resulted with a smaller score for assertiveness than the rest, hearing the results may lead to some participants to take advantage of the participant and possibly tease them for the score they
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Journal of personality and social psychology and. Retrieved from http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~broberts/Hazan & Shaver, 1987.pdf
The Asch and Milgram’s experiment were not unethical in their methods of not informing the participant of the details surrounding the experiment and the unwarranted stress; their experiment portrayed the circumstances of real life situation surrounding the issues of obedience to authority and social influence. In life, we are not given the courtesy of knowledge when we are being manipulated or influenced to act or think a certain way, let us be honest here because if we did know people were watching and judging us most of us would do exactly as society sees moral, while that may sound good in ensuring that we always do the right thing that would not be true to the ways of our reality. Therefore, by not telling the participants the detail of the experiment and inflicting unwarranted stress Asch and Milgram’s were
There are ethical constraints on the use of human participants that you must follow if you wish to try this with people. 1. What is the difference between a. and a. Do not collect any identifying information about your participants. The answers to these questions should be anonymous. Even though you may know the person, do NOT record any identifying information.
Given a case scenario participants should be able to differentiate those situations where patient confidentiality is not followed.
In Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study, Zimbardo was interested in finding out how voluntarily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a stimulated role-playing experiment. Participants were picked to be either a prisoner or a guard and were placed in a prison environment for six days before Zimbardo had to shut the experiment down (Cherry, 2014). For the IRB ethical guideline respect of persons, each participant was given an informed consent about the study. Participants also had a preliminary interview in which participants with anxiety issues were told not to participate due to effects of the study. However, consent could not be fully informed because even Zimbardo himself did not know what was going to happen in the study (McLeod, 2008). Participants in this study also had the right to withdraw although they felt like they could not because they were being conformed to a prison environment. Confidentiality was also included in the study because participants had to complete a release form for their video footage to be used. Participants were also given an ID number during the experiment, therefore, remaining anonymous not only to other members of the study, but also anyone who watched the footage (McLeod, 2008).
CHAPTER II METHODS Participants Forty members of a Research Methods in Psychology course at the University of Missouri – St. Louis (UMSL) served as participants in this examination. These participants were recruited within their respective laboratory periods. No money was awarded to the subjects for their participation.
30). In 2001, Bearden et al. affirm that self-confidence is correlated with people’s behaviors and their decisions in general. Individuals who have solid self-confidence express high level of self-esteem, self-regard and more sense of pride to themselves (Chuang et al., 2013). Their tendency is more optimistic in most of circumstances (Rosenberg, 1979) and when they are facing complicated situations, self-confidence plays an important role in supporting their decisions (Bearden et al, 2001). The characteristics of self-confidence indicated by White (2009) are trusted in positive accomplishment (self-assertion and optimism), persistence (endurance, flexibility, goal setting and anticipation) and self-awareness (judgment, intrinsic part and worries). On the other hand, the low level of self-confidence will make people feel pessimistic and less self-respect, they can only view their inappropriateness, imperfection and valuelessness (Rosenberg, 1979). Some researchers determine the determinants of self-confidence as precise knowledge and self-efficacy (De Cremer & Van Hiel; 2008). Self-confidence is not an inborn attribute, it can be shaped and progressed through the experiences of figuring out how to encounter with the
In the next five subheadings, I will explain what it means for me to have a personality type that strongly prefers extraversion, sensing, feeling, and judging. I will also discuss the Sensing-Judging Temperament and how it explains my behaviors. "Good introductory paragraph
A controversial topic that is relevant in today’s world is the issue of anonymity. This is a regularly debated issue with several arguments for each side. Those arguing for anonymity may claim that it helps protect privacy and bring about positive changes in the world. In addition, it can help bring comfort to anyone embarrassed about something they enjoy or a past experience in their life. However, those arguing against it may claim that it allows actions such as harassment and bullying to become easier. Both sides make compelling arguments, but the positive effects of anonymity far outweigh the negative effects.
Carlson, N.R. and Heth, C.D. (2009). Psychology the Science of Behavior. Toronto Pearson Education Canada.
In the first group an infinite portion of the respondent omitted to answer some question with an average of 1/273 refusal, bringing the percentage to 0.4%. This could be explained by the close supervision that the participants were submitted. Each session were overseen and controlled by the researcher. The second cluster had a different upshot as it was observed in strong dichotomous behaviour, question directly related to the calculation of the PDI and IDV had a low average rate of no response 1.6/100 for a percentage of 1.6%. However, the portion regarding gender, age, profession and level of education were avoided by considerable extent of partakers, on average 17/100 questions were circumvented for a percentage of 17%. The explanation for this result could be understood by the age of this collection being in standard double the maturity of the precedent cluster, around 40 years old compare 21 for the initial selection demonstrating the reticence of mature people to reveal personal matter.
To begin with, the methodological framework utilized by the author is in the form of a questionnaire. A questionnaire is basically a test to see how one thinks of himself or herself and is not necessarily accurate. For example, an individual may think he or she is apprehensive to communication, but when actually confronted with the situation may perform rather well and without any fear or anxiety. Perhaps a better methodological approach in gathering data is to setup an actual communication setting and have the participants perform the communication task. The data should be based on the performance as well as feedback from the participant to see if the communication was accurate.
Privacy and confidentiality expectations in research are outlined in The Belmont Report through the principles of 1) Respect for Individuals
The experiment given by Aronson and Cope tested the attractiveness and punishments given by a person based on their relationship with another person. Forty male and forty female were randomly assigned to get a harsh experimenter and pleasant experimenter, harsh experimenter and harsh supervisor, pleasant experimenter and pleasant supervisor, or pleasant experimenter and harsh supervisor. The people who participated in the experiment thought they were participating in a study on creativity. The college students had to write a creative story on each picture that they were shown. The graduate student, who was the experimenter, always had a negative reaction to their stories but was either considerate about letting them know or was really harsh and rude about informing the students about their not creative stories. Then the experimenter would put his foot on the on the vent in the room and that would signal the supervisor to come interrupt the session to let the experimenter know if they had done a good job or bad job on the research that he had been conducting. This research is ba...
A confident individual with exert self contentedness and determination. They may be firm in their ways but they won’t present hostile or violent behavior frequently. That is the difference between assertion and aggression. A doctor by the name of Fredric Neuman is the Director of the Anxiety and Phobia center at White Plains Hospital. Dr. Neuman wrote an article on Psychology.com titled “Assertiveness vs. Aggressiveness” where he really highlighted the difference between the two behaviors. Dr. Neuman says: “being assertive means behaving in a way that is most likely to achieve one’s purpose.” This means that an individual who is assertive knows how to act according to the appropriate setting in order to reach their desired goals. An individual who is aggressive isn’t necessarily aware of their excessive dominant behavior and isn’t really driven by goals but by emotional turmoil. Assertion can be mistaken for aggression but it really depends on how an individual presents themselves. Unlike aggression, assertion isn’t a behavioral disorder but rather just a simple behavior. There can be extremes when it comes to both behaviors but it's important to recognize the true behavioral disorders from simple confidence. Misdiagnosistics can be detrimental to psychiatrists and their patients. Simple misconceptions should not and cannot be ignored. Determining the differences and similarities