What is hypertension? Hypertension is a medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. (Nordqvist 2013) Hypertension is commonly known as high blood pressure. If hypertension is left untreated, it can cause severe health problems such as stroke and heart failure. In order to treat hypertension, the drug Losartan is used. Losartan is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist (AIIRA). In other words, it can also be known as angiotensin receptor blocker. (Allen 2012)
There are generally two categories of hypertension, primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. The causes of primary hypertension are usually unknown and it develops gradually over the years. As for secondary hypertension, the causes are mainly underlying other health problems and it develops in a sudden of time. (The Healthline Editorial Team 2013) First of all, hypertension can be related to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin is an enzyme secreted mainly via the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney when the sodium retention and water retention are reduced in the blood. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001) Renin will bind to a substrate which is angiotensinogen and form angiotensin I which is an inactive peptide. (Foëx and Sear 2004) After that, angiotensin I will be rapidly converted to an active peptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lungs. As a result, vasoconstriction occurs due to presence of angiotensin II and this increases the blood pressure. Moreover, angiotensin II can stimulate the releasing of aldosterone by adrenal glands. Secretion of aldosterone raises the blood pressure by reabsorbing sodium salts and water to increase sodium and water retentions. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001)
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...t cannot be ignored. Uncontrollable hypertension can be very dangerous as it may lead to many other diseases such as heart failure, stroke and diabetes. Therefore, people should have medical check-up regularly on hypertension. As written above, the pathophysiology of hypertension is due to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. Others like cardiac output and peripheral resistance and endothelial dysfunction can be also related to the pathophysiology of hypertension. Drug like losartan is used to treat hypertension. It acts on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system by competing with angiotensin II to bind to AT1 receptors and thus stopping the production of aldosterone that would increase the blood pressure. Lastly, this drug should be taken accordingly with the advices from doctors and pharmacists as some people may have undergo side effects and allergic reactions.
How does this history of high blood pressure demonstrate the problem description and etiology components of the P.E.R.I.E. process? What different types of studies were used to establish etiology or contributory cause?
Fluid from the intravascular space shifts into the interstitial space surrounding the cells. This shift is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure within capillaries as the result of reduced liver function blocking blood flow. Increased capillary permeability from inflammation pushes albumin into the interstitial space, increasing interstitial osmotic pressure and deceasing capillary osmotic pressure. Due to decreased liver function, albumin is not longer readily made decreasing its presence in body. Without albumin, osmotic pressure will remain decreased within the plasma. As the body compensates for this loss of water and increased sodium in the intravascular space hypertonic alterations pull water from the intracellular fluid causing
A major physiological process that the human body implements to control blood pressure is through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone regulatory pathway. The kidneys, which are a major location for water retention regulation (and through changes in blood volume regulate blood pressure), notice decreases in blood pressure and release renin, an enzyme that alters the conformation of proteins, which converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Next, angiotensin I is altered into the conformation of angiotensin II by the action of angiotensin converting enzyme. Angiotensin II then causes many physiological effects that in turn increase blood pressure. These include causing cardiac hypertrophy, vasoconstriction throughout the body, stimulation of the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and stimulation of the pituitary to release anti-diuretic hormone, each of which cause the retention of sodium and water in the kidneys. In an attempt to help regulate the blood pressure of those with hypertension, drugs have been designed that focus on the angiotensin converting enzyme. By decreasing the action of this enzyme from converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II, the physiological response to increase blood pressure that angiotensin II ensues can be greatly decreased. Through a decrease in salt and fluid retention and systemic vasodilation, blood pressure can be effectively decreased.
High Blood Pressure is anything that alters in peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, or stroke volume that affects systematic arterial blood pressure. Long term effect of high blood pressure are serious and can cause heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, and retinal damage. Hypertension is another medical word that substitutes the meaning of high blood pressure. It is known as the “silent killer” because it does not create any symptoms. The most common reason for high blood pressure is arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring in old age. Four control systems have a job in maintaining blood pressure. These are the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptors’ system, regulation of body fluid volume, the renin- angiotensin system, and vascular autoregulation. Primary hypertension mostly occurs from a defect or malfunction in some or all of these
Vicki is a 42 year-old African American woman who was recently diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension, also know as high blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry the oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body’s tissues.
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans. High blood pressure contributed to more than 362,895 deaths in the United States during 2010. Approximately 67 million persons in the United States have high blood pressure, and only half of those have their condition under control. An estimated 46,000 deaths could be avoided annually if 70% of patients with high blood pressure were treated according to published guidelines (Patel, Datu, Roman, Barton, Ritchey, Wall, Loustalot; 2014).
When diagnosed with hyponatremia treatment usually immediately begins. Treatment must be a restriction of both salt and water (Gheorghita et. al 2010). Hyponatremic patients must receive a slow increase in sodium with a restriction of liquids. Intravenous hypertonic saline solution of 3% NaCl can be administered to patients who have been diagnosed with hyponatremia. There is a precise formula that is used in determining the quantity of NaCl that is used in increasing sodemia and the rate at which it should be administered (Gheorghita et. al 2010).
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is a medical condition where the arteries are constantly experiencing high blood pressure due to the force exerted on the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood throughout the body.
The different hormones on the renal tubule concern renin with low blood pressure where it’s released by the kidneys and creates angiotensin II to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone promotes salt and water reabsorption, decreases urine volume and increases blood pressure. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is being dehydrated and causing the release of ADH which then stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes water and salt excretion in response to high blood pressure, the increase in urine volume and decreased blood volume results in decreased blood pressure. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium by increasing calcium absorption in the kidney. It also causes the release of calcium from bones and stimulates production of Vitamin D in the
And because of the effects of angiotensin II to the body, it causes a person to have hypertension, or a condition in which the blood pressure is higher than normal and can cause physiological damage to the organs. So because of this disruption of the homeostasis, a class of drug that is used to correct this unbalance is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. This drug prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Which then returns the body to a balanced or equilibrate state.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) closely parallel the obesity and insulin resistance epidemic. Current U.S. estimates project 70 million obese adults and an additional 70 million with hypertension and/or type II diabetes (28, 42, 45). More so, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), suggest a graded and continuous relationship exists between prevalent hypertension and increasing body mass index (BMI); a metric that is closely associated with insulin resistance and self-identified type II diabetes (8, 34).
Reduce salt intake. Too much salt impacts the ability of your kidneys to remove water from the bloodstream. The result of this is higher blood pressure because of the extra fluid. Stop using table salt and reduce the amount of salt you use when cooking.
Hypertension, a complex multifactorial and polygenic disorder, is a major silent disease affecting young people because of their hereditary and modern lifestyles and it is a major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. 1 A positive parental history represents a major risk factor for future hypertension in normotensive offspring.2 Several studies have been conducted in the offspring of hypertensive to find the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Cultural, social, physical environments and high dietary intake of salt could further increase the tendency to become hypertensive.3 The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of essential arterial hypertension. Many offspring of hypertensive parents show early changes in their autonomic functions.4 Autonomic abnormality in the form of increased sympathetic tone and early attenuated parasympathetic activity has been demonstrated in young normotensive with parental history of hypertension.5 Another risk factor, obesity is a rapidly growing threat to the healthy population and it is on rise in our society due to socioeconomic developments leading to sedentary life style and faulty dietary habits.6 Weight gain in adolescence and in young adults is one of the potential risk factors for the subsequent development of hypertension. A study on Indian obese young adults demonstrates an autonomic dysregulation in obese subjects.7 A short term Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indices offers a noninvasive, quantitative method of investigating autonomic effects on the heart.8
Vicki is a 42-year-old African American woman who was diagnosed with Hypertension a month ago. She has been married to her high school sweetheart for the past 20 years. She is self-employed and runs a successful insurance agency. Her work requires frequent travel and Vicki often has to eat at fast food restaurants for most of her meals. A poor diet that is high in salt and fat and low in nutrients for the body and stress from her job are contributing factors of Vicki’s diagnosis of hypertension. This paper will discuss the diagnostic testing, Complementary and Alternative Medicine treatments, the prognosis for hypertension, appropriate treatment for Vicki, patient education, and potential barriers to therapy that Vicki may experience.