Differences between Normal and Abnormal
According to a research article by Lee and Saha (2013), 70 to 80 percent of all pregnant women experience nausea and vomiting. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is believed to be caused by rapidly rising serum levels of the hormones human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and estrogen (Cleveland Clinic, 2012). However, when nausea and vomiting becomes severe to the point that it can cause electrolyte imbalances, weight loss, and dehydration (Cleveland Clinic, 2012), then it becomes a disorder called Hyperemesis Gravidarum (Lee & Saha, 2013). The Cleveland Clinic (2012) describes Hyperemesis Gravidarum as “an uncommon disorder in which extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting occur during pregnancy.”
Risk Factors
Women are at risk for developing HG if they are now pregnant with more than one child, overweight, pregnant for the first time, had Hyperemesis Gravidarum in a past pregnancy, or have trophoblastic disease (Cleveland
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These medical treatments include oral or IV fluids for dehydration and antiemetic drugs for nausea (Leifer, 2011). A combination of Unisome (doxylamine) and Vitamin B6 is effective against nausea and vomiting (Burd, 2015). If the woman cannot eat enough to get the nutrients for herself and for her baby, then total parenteral nutrition is administered to supply her and the baby with the nutrients that they need.
Nursing Education
Once the woman is well enough to go home, teach her to avoid anything that can trigger her nausea and vomiting such as smells of a perfume. Also, teach her to eat and drink whenever she is able to (Burd, 2015). It’s recommended that she eats bland foods, dry foods like crackers, or even small, frequent meals to control her nausea and vomiting, instead of starting on regular foods right away (Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 2012).
Nursing Interventions for Preventing
sandwich, not have water, or milk or any other beverage or eat any chips or an apple with your
These women could anticipate delays in normal growth and development for the fetus. The exact cause of post term pregnancy is unknown. The mother experiencing post term pregnancy is at risk for trauma, hemorrhage, infection, and labor abnormalities (Ward et al., 2016, p. 543). Labor induction prior to 42 weeks’ gestation prevents MAS and other complications. A biophysical profile measuring the heart rate, breathing and body movements, tone, and the amniotic fluid volume is used to monitor the fetus for intrapartum fetal stress that could cause passage of meconium. Diabetic woman is at high risk for preeclampsia or eclampsia, infection, hydramnios, postpartum hemorrhage, and cesarean birth (Ward et al., 2016, p. 383). In addition, fetal macrosomia prolongs labor due to shoulder dystocia. The glucose challenge test, and the 3- hour OGTT is used for gestational diabetes screening, done after 24 weeks of pregnancy. Abnormalities of the respiratory system as explained earlier are the most concerning complication of MAS, needing immediate
colic but only relieves minuscule amounts of gas pains. Breast milk is the only natural, complete
Mother’s can also help their infant by eating high fiber diet that would produce milk, which the infant can easily digest. If your baby is on a solid food diet then consider changing the formula food or change the ratio of water and the milk powder. Feed your baby plenty of boiled or sterilized water in between feeds as that will prevent dehydration. Try barley cereals instead of rice and wheat cereals for older babies. Start feeding other dietary substitutes that is fresh and easily digestible like mashed boiled apples, plums, pears or other fruits with high fibers. Try to give some simple massage exercises like the Tummy Massage or the Bicycle Massage that may also provide some relief to your infant. Some follow Grandma’s advice of pure honey diluted in warm water to be fed in the
When the patient turned about 12 she started having nausea and vomiting, which began about 4 days before her period. Her menses were regular until about 6 months ago. Because of the premenstrual vomiting she went on Tigan, Elixir, and Donnatal. This was tried for about 3 months and did not help. Then she was tried on low doses of birth control pills on a regular basis. This also did not help much and she was then switched to Torecan and Pepcid.
Your genetic information determines the genes you inherit that may cause or elevate your risk of certain medical conditions. My family genogram clearly indicates the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), heart disease (HD), hypercholesterolemia (HC) and hypertension (HTN). Heart disease is indicated on both maternal and paternal side and even though T2D only shows on my paternal side, the other diseases such as HC and HTN that are on my maternal side are risk factors for developing diabetes. According to Pessoa Marinho et al. (2013), the genetic and environmental risk factors that influence T2D development are: “age, gender, ethnicity, family history, obesity, inactivity, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, hypertension, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased triglycerides, cardiovascular diseases, micropolycystic ovary syndrome, high blood glucose on previous testing, impaired glucose tolerance and glycated hemoglobin ≥5.7%” (Pessoa Marinho et al., 2013, p. 570). Bianco et al. (2013) states, “the maternal influence confirms the hereditary role in the diabetes pathogenesis that women with positive family history to the illness presented...
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem in pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy, the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby.
In most cases becoming pregnant brings happiness and excitement to the eager partners. Imagine showing up at a hospital, rushing, with all hopes of bringing another life into this world to only figure out that there was no baby in the first place. How would one feel devastated, hurt, depressed? Some women imagine she is pregnant, but soon finds out that the symptoms are not caused by a fetus but by a disorder called pseudocyesis. Pseudocyesis is a psychological disorder where the mind tricks the body and causes the female body to have symptoms of a pregnant woman. A women with this disorder have similar symptoms to a lady that is carrying a child; meanwhile, others have the exact same symptoms excluding the unborn. Some of the symptoms are swollen belly, enlarged breast, and sensations of fetal movement. One who feels the need to become impregnated, due to infertility, and miscarriages can cause ones body to fabricate indications of a pregnancy. Pseudocyesis can make a woman change mentally and physically; therefore, these changes can cause one to have depression, anxiety, and psychological disorders.
Any woman might develop gestational diabetes during her pregnancy. However, there are certain risk factors that increase your chance of developing gestational diabetes. Those risk factors include: overweight, family history of diabetes, being of an ethnic group with an increased risk for gestational diabetes, older than twenty-five, if you have had pre-diabetes or high glucose, previously had gestational diabetes. (IHC, 2013)
Pregnancy can be an exciting and sometimes frightening experience for many women. It was a snowy Sunday afternoon, and I was not feeling very well. I remember all week long, every morning I felt nauseated. I was craving odd foods, and foods I normally would not eat together. I was on the phone with my best friend explaining to her how I was feeling. She said “It sounds like you are pregnant.” That thought never even crossed my mind until that moment. Sure enough she was right, I was pregnant for the first time. I was excited to have a baby and never realized how many emotions or complications can take place during a pregnancy. Everybody that I knew that had babies, had such wonderful experiences. Unfortunately, this happy moment became such a monumental, emotional and stressful time in my life. During my pregnancy, I went through many emotional experiences from almost losing my child, to the uncertainty of a birth defect and early delivery.
...lergy pills, large doses of vitamins, some medicated skin creams, as well as a few other over-the-counter medications (As Your Baby Grows p 13). A prenatal vitamin is essential for a mother’s health as well as the baby’s, to provide their needed vitamins and nutrients.
If the patient has an inadequate or no oral intake of food for 1 - 3 days, then nutritional support by the enteral route is required.
“Hyperemesis gravidarum is a relatively rare coniditon, occurring in about 0.3% to 2% of all pregnancies” (Davidson, London, &Ladewig, 2012). It is described as a condition in which nausea and vomiting are so severe that they affect both the mother’s nutritional and hydration status. It is still unknown what specifically causes hyperemesis gravidarum, but it is suggested that the levels of hCG and other pregnancy hormones play a role. Signs and symptoms that the illness is in fact hyperemesis gravidarum, and not just “morning sickness”, include not being able to keep any food down, lightheadedness or fainting, electrolyte imbalances, weight loss, and dehydration. According to Davidson, London, and Ladwig, “The diagnostic criteria for hyperemesis include a history of intractable vomiting in the first half of pregnancy, dehydration, ketonuria, and a weight loss of 5% of prepregnancy weight” (Davidson, London, & Ladewig, ...
Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing, Fourth Edition; Gloria Leifer, MA, Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA).
Jancárková, N., & Gregor, V. (2000). [Teratogens during pregnancy]. Ceska gynekologie/Ceska lekarska spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne, 65(3), 188-194.