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The holy quran
Martin Luther and John Calvin beliefs
The holy quran
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The beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Galileo on the Bible are similar in some aspects, but mostly different from one another. Martin Luther and John Calvin are somewhat similar in their belief that faith alone is the key to salvation. Galileo, however was a scientist, and his views on the Bible differ from those of Calvin and Luther. Since Galileo was not a theologian, most of his writing is not about God and the Bible, but it is about science. Though their writings are very different, Calvin, Luther, and Galileo all speak about the subject of human individualism. Their views of human individualism differ from one another, and arise from different circumstances. Each of these three men’s writings contain their beliefs on human individualism and how it relates to the individual’s relationship with God.
Martin Luther’s views on human individualism come from his rebellion against the Catholic Church. Since Luther stressed the idea that salvation comes through faith alone, priests and other clergymen of the church are not necessary, according to Luther. One of the ways that Luther describes becoming a Christian is the distinction between the physical nature and the spiritual nature. Physical nature is an outward, or old man. In contrast, the spiritual nature is a new man, or the soul (9). Luther uses II Cor. 4:16 to describe this process which says, “Though our outer nature is wasting away, our inner nature is being renewed every day.” This change of heart and nature that Luther describes is done solely by the individual with the help of the Holy Spirit. According to Luther’s writing, the most important aspect of human individualism is an individual’s faith and character. An individual’s character, according to Luther, is de...
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...gave him or her. For Galileo, it is good for an individual to have faith, but it is more important for an individual to separate his or her faith from logic, and understand all viewpoints before making any hypothesis to avoid being foolish. Although these three viewpoints are vastly different, they all seem to arrive at the same conclusion. The conclusion is that the importance of an individual is his or her development as a human being. The most important things the individual does is strive to become the best person they can be, and use the time they are given for the right reasons. The changing may be the individual’s own change of heart, God’s change of heart for them, or by their logic and reasoning. Each of these three men had different opinions, but they all knew that an individual’s relationship with God is the most important relationship he or she can have.
In Martin Luther’s Freedom of a Christian Man, Luther describes what he believes should be the relationship between faith and good works in the life of Christian people. His beliefs became integral to the Protestant and Lutheran ideologies. The basis of Luther’s pamphlet was “A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none. A Christian is a perfectly dutiful servant of all, subject to all.” (31) This central thought provides readers dialogue on what is truly a selfless, act and if these acts do in fact have an effect on one’s
The Bible was one of the most important pieces of text during Galileo’s lifetime. If you went against what the Bible stated then you were considered to be a heretic. The Bible indicated that the earth was in the center of the universe and the sun and the other planets revolve around it. a theory known as the geocentric model. Many scientists argued against this theory by stating that actually the sun was in the center of the universe and the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun, this theory was known as the heliocentric model. Nicolas Copernicus was one of the first out of many scientists who publically shared this theory. Later Giordano Bruno also supported this theory and because of this the Church ordered him to be burned
Martin Luther desired to reform the Church because he believed that it was corrupt and wanted to be seen as the gateway to Heaven. In Luther’s eyes, the Roman Catholic Church was teaching the wrong things and showing bad behavior. Because of this, Martin Luther, being a conscientious friar and professor of theology, did not feel secure in the idea of salvation. The Church was teaching that salvation came through faith AND good works while Luther concluded
Martin Luther, was “temperamental, peevish, egomaniacal, and argumentative” (Hooker, www.wsu.edu), but played a pivotal role in history. During Luther's time as a monk, the Catholic Church was selling indulgences. Luther took notice to the corruption and began to reason that men can only get their salvation through Jesus Christ, not the Pope or indulgences, let alone the Church itself. Luther began ...
Galileo’s contributions to the science of Physics and Astronomy were many. His conviction was legendary. His willingness to suffer for his beliefs exemplify true courage in the name of truth, and has inspired others to venture intellectual independence from the Church‘s creeds, edicts, and proclamations. Perhaps these contributions led to the call for an investigation into Galileo's conviction, eventually calling for its reversal, in 1979 by Pope John Paul II. But regardless of his standing in the annals of the Catholic church he will always be the man who began the separation of science and religion.
This does not mean that Galileo himself was not religious. Nor did he feel that the Bible was a complete falsity. In his letter, Galileo states, "… I think in the first place it is very pious to say and prudent to affirm that the holy Bible can never speak untruth—whenever its true meaning is understood. " This statement is based upon his contradictive thought that the earth revolves around the sun, rather then the earth being the center of the universe.
In the recent weeks, I have noticed a trend in our cultural beliefs regarding groups outside of our own. As a nation, while the United States has a strongly individualistic nature from a personal perspective, there is also a strong collectivist belief regarding everyone outside of themselves and their groups. Rather than believing that each member of an external group is responsible for their decisions alone (myth of individualism), separating them from a collective (one bad apple), the consensus is generally geared opposite. For example, the belief that all immigrants want to steal American jobs, when one is not an immigrant, or that feminists are actually misandrists, when one is not a feminist. What I believe we have
Without Galileo's talents, as a society we wouldn't be able to find anymore discoveries and secrets that the solar system has to offer. On the other hand the church believes that reducing his ability to explore and taking away his resources will help the people. The churches believe that he could use his invention against them and look up and see no heaven which will make the people of the church not believe in gods word. This is also wrong because Galileo uses his invention to look into space and not into heaven. Naysayers may still believe that stopping Galileo is a good idea but without him we wouldn't have the chance to explore space.
America is the land of the free. From the moment of its birth to now, Americans have boasted in their country for this reason. However, at some points in history this boast can be contradictory. When national identities began to form in society, they were formed from the ideas of freedom and individuality. Some people formed an identity that supported mainly individualism and freedom, but it did not consider slavery too much to begin with. This identity is the national identity of a free man’s country. The other identity held the same values except it excluded everyone but white males. This is a national identity of a white man’s country. As time grew on, these identities grew stronger. When they finally clashed they brought along
According to Weber’s findings individualistic views arose through Protestant beliefs. Martin Luther, a Protestant leader in the 16th century, presents the calling as a means to encourage followers to live honorable lives devoted to God; as a dutiful follower, an individual is to worship and not please God. Righteous followers were content with their calling and the lives God intended for them. Luther also instilled a passive form of asceticism in his followers that by preaching that they carry a simple lifestyle which accorded with their line of work (Desfor Edles and Appelrouth 2010:168).
Galileo Galilei was an outstanding figure in the Renaissance. Through his work as an astronomer, Galileo was able to prove Copernicus’ theory of the existence of the heliocentric model. The heliocentric model is the depiction of the earth rotating around the sun, rather than the geocentric model that depicts the sun revolving around the earth. Galileo’s observations were subject to harsh criticism by the Roman Catholic Church because it was thought that Galileo was contesting the infallible truths of the Bible. In his Letter to Grand Duchess Christina, Galileo defends his research by making the argument that his research is not opposed to the message that is prescribed by the Bible. Galileo states that if one were “to confine oneself to the unadorned grammatical meaning, one might fall into error” (Galilei, FYP Handbook, 167). Galileo is arguing that it is not man’s job to interpret God’s creation and likeness, nor is the Bible describing God. Rather, Galileo believes that through examining the physical world that God created, man can come to understand the inner workings of God’s creation.
Humanism Humanism was a new way of thinking that came about in the fourteenth century, the time of the Renaissance. Many scholars refer to it as the "Spirit of the Renaissance. " Humanism was a lay phenomenon that emphasized human beings as opposed to deities as well as their interests, achievements and capabilities. Humanism is derived from the Latin word humanitas, which Cicero, the noted orator of the Roman Empire, referred to as the "literary culture needed by anyone who would be considered educated and civilized. " Humanism and Literature Humanists search for wisdom from the past.
For Luther, everything in relation to salvation is determined through the will of God, therefore leaving no room for individual will, leaving Kant and Luther’s views irreconcilable. Kant attributes freedom as a presupposition of human action, he attributes a higher status to human freedom, far from simply being determined by God or even Satan, rather freedom can achieve to the level of self-determination. Freedom according to Kant is will independent from foreign will and therefore reason should guide to individual principles independent of outside influences. Still everything relates back to an attempt to achieve a high morality, however for Luther this idea goes completely against spiritual righteousness, for him we are seemingly free through our spiritual righteousness and moral acts which are determined by God and him alone.
Individualism is a particular ideology or social understanding that human beings are the most pivotal in nature and that each individual is presumed to pursue his or her own needs and requirements in order to progress accordingly. Freedom, respect, equality; these are the values of self-determination and self-reliance which is what individualism is all about. The father of Classical Liberalism, John Locke as cited by Salvadori (1959) once said:
Defined by Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary as a system of values and beliefs that is based on the idea that people are basically good and that problems can be solved using reason instead of religion (Merriam-Webster), Humanism takes an ethical and philosophical stance that is expressed through a myriad of types including Literary Humanism, Renaissance Humanism, Western Cultural Humanism, Philosophical Humanism, Christian Humanism, Modern Humanism, Secular Humanism, and Religious Humanism (American Humanist Association). Though there are many different “denominations”, if you will, of Humanism, they are all typically aligned with secularism and a perspective that believes in “human nature”, or how humans naturally think, feel, and act.