CHAPTER-1
INTODUCTION
1.1 CASTING PROCESS
Definition :
Casting is one of the earliest metal shaping methods known to human beings. It generally means, pouring molten metal into a refractory mould with a cavity of the shape to be made, and allowing with it to solidify.
FIG 1.1 MOLTEN METAL POURING
1.2 History
The casting process was probably discovered around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia.
In many parts of the world during that period, copper axes and other flat object were made in open moulds made of stone or baked clay.
Casting technology was improved by the Chinese around 1500 BC.
It appears that iron casting technology in India has been in use from the times of the invasion of Alexander the Great, around 300BC.
1.3 Theory of Casting
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Usually Melting processes are done into the Furnace. In Furnace Raw material is converted into molten Metal.
1.6.5 Pouring
Pouring of Molten metal into mould with the help of Ladle. The pouring of the molten metal into the mould requires carefully control.
1.6.6 Solidification and cooling
After molten metal is poured into a mould, a series of events takes place during the solidification of the metal and its cooling to ambient temperature. The temperature of the molten metal is decrease with respect to the time.
1.6.7 Cleaning Cleaning refers to all operations necessary to the removal of sand, scale, and excess metal from the casting. The casting is separated from the mold and transported to the cleaning department. burned-on sand and scale are removed to improve the surface appearance of the casting. excess metal, in the form of fins, wires, parting line fins, and gates, is removed. Castings may be upgraded by welding or other procedures. inspection of the casting for defect and general quality is performed.
1.7Advantage of casting
1. Casting process is highly adaptable to the requirement of mass production.
2. Advantage over the forging process is
The metal cylinder was removed from the boiling water and placed in the Styrofoam cup using tongs.
The Shang Dynasty invented and, over the years, perfected the technique of casting a bronze vessel from a clay mold assembly, which this wine vessel has also been made from using those techniques (Cantor). This mold was formed around a model of the vessel and was then cut into sections that were carved or impressed in the desired design, in this case the braided or grid design, on the inner or outer surfaces. The decorated clay piece-mold was then fired and reassembled around a clay core. Small bronze spacers were used to hold the piece-mold and the clay core apart. Then, molten bronze was poured into the mold. Using this piece-mold casting technique helped the bronze worker to achieve greater sharpness and definition in any intricate design
The Olmec’s buildings and tools were designed to make their everyday lives easier and more laid back. The Olmec had many Stone-Age tools they used in work and everyday life. Their tools were usually made of clay, stone, deer antlers, bone, or wood. They had basic tools such as hammers, wedges, mortar-and-pestles, and corn grinders. They used pottery to make pots, vessels, and cooking utensils that they utilized for home tasks as well as cooking.The tools were important to them because they used them to advance their empire. They are located towards the front of the exhibit, on the west side of the temple, set out on miniature tables. They had simple homes made of dirt, that were packed around wooden
-Developed and implemented strip casting overseas to eliminate a step in the steel making process
The need to store things led to the development of containers, first among them bags of fiber or leather, woven baskets and pottery. But clay lends itself to many other purposes: bricks, statuettes, funerary offerings, toys and games etc. Pottery, the molding of form out of a formless mass and its becoming imperishable through firing, is the most miraculous kind of creation.
In order to understand the scale to which palladium has molded the modern era, it is important to first understand the origins of this rare element. The path leading to the discovery of palladium originated from the investigation and use of platinum which dates back to some early civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians, Esmeraldas, and Spaniards. During the reign of the ancient Egyptians, platinum was used as a means of decorating, and enhancing, ornamental artifacts in exactly the same fashion as gold or silver. Similarly, the Esmeraldas, an aboriginal culture found in a specific locale within Northern Ecuador, where the first people to create jewelry out of pure platinum, or platinum combinations with other precious metals. It is speculated by anthropologists that the ability to craft such ornaments stemmed from a rather complex utilization of an area of science known as powder metallurgy. The concept of powder metallurgy involves creating metals from powder through a process known as sintering.
Another theory said that they were raised by wooden wheel. Shaping the stones was another laborious step. Some of them look rough, and others finely finished. Archeologists suggested that people chose suitable shape from the ground, and then they shaped as much they can. Experts said that people in Britain used the mining thousand years before Stonehenge, so should be in Stonehenge time skillful miners who have known how to use the round stone hammers (still there in the site) and deer antlers to shape the stone and dig the
By exposing the chocolate and the cookies before the light and heat of the 60-watt light bulb, the students will be able to progressively observe the process of the material melting and make records at every stage of the experiment. Using the 15 seconds step, the students can identify the melt temperature and time of the chocolate under the lab conditions as well as make and analyze their records in the final part of the experiment. The experiment is expected to establish, which of the chocolates and cookies melt faster, and make conclusions about the influence of the consumables ingredients on their physical properties. This corresponds with the TEK 112.11 (5B) procedure, which allows students to “observe, record, and discuss how materials can be changed by heating or
A particular stone called flint was the material of choice. Flint is a very high-grained stone which made it easy to conform into arrowheads. Flint also made fire easy to ignite (Gosse 1). Stone would be shaped into blades for knives or things such as scrapers. These particular tools would be used for activities such as hunting, skinning an animal, butchering the meat and for the meat processing (Chuntaek 878).
2. CONDUCTION - the metal cups will get hotter as a result of the heat
Melting takes place when a solid gets enough energy to melt. When it gets enough energy it is called the melting point. An example of melting would be snow turning into water. The reverse of the melting process is called freezing. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid ice when the molecules lose a lot of energy. When a solid goes to a gas and skips the liquid, sublimation occurs. The best example of sublimation would be dry ice. Deposition is when a gas goes directly to a solid without going through the liquid phase. An example of deposition is when water vaper turns to tiny crystals.
The manufacturing process of steel container or drum which is also known as liquid carrying container involves many processes. Although, there are different sizes of steel containers and different manufacturing process in most steel container manufacturing industries lately. There are also thousands of different steel alloy used in the production of steel containers. Furthermore, steel containers are made of sheet metal by soldering, brazing, spot welding, and seam welding. In addition to this, The Process of making steel containers involves rolling of metal sheet; welding the seam, making 90 degree bent on top and bottom of the container, making number of beads (according to size) and lastly reduce the diameter of one side of the container; fitting of lid to the containers, testing like pressure; coating internal (epoxy phenolic coating or plain) and external (stoving enamel gloss of various colour).
And there are many indications of workshops for bead makers and work centers for bangle making. Harappan were also practiced for boat making. Weavers wove cloths of wool and cotton from spindle whorls which used for spinning. Potter’s wheel were also used at earlier stages for pot
"Metal Melting 101 - How To." Motorcycle Cruiser. Shop Talk, 24 May 2009. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.
Through the years, the process of turning raw materials into useful materials is a tradition that hasn’t changed over hundreds of years. The general process of turning metal to blades, silicon to magic mirrors or computers and ceramics to pottery or circuits. If we examine the past we can learn much about our future because all technological advancements need is to look to our ancient ancestors and examine how they dealt with the problems of their time.