The patient first visited his physician with malaise that had worsened during the last months and we can see from his laboratory results that the underlying cause for the discomfort was due to HCV. He had a known history of drug addiction which suggests the cause of contraction was through the sharing of unsterilized needles resulting in the blood-to-blood contact of another individual with the virus. He had signs of mild jaundice, a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, whites of the eye and other mucous membranes due to high blood bilirubin (Tandon et al., 2015), which aided in the diagnosis of hepatitis as jaundice is a symptom of acute hepatitis.
5 types of hepatitis, HCV was diagnosed as only the testing of hcv antibodies and hcv-rna came back as positive. The monitorinf of anti-HCV antibody throughout allowed the surveillance of the progress of the disease.
The genotype of HCV was identified from the hypervariable region of envelope E2 gene of the virus because HVR1 can be used both to identify
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These symptoms helped diagnose him as ascites is a result of increased hydrostatic pressure due to cirrhosis and is the result of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity (Leung and Wong, 2011), whilst Splenomegaly is the abnormal enlargement of the spleen due to liver disease (Pozo et al., 2009). But, the presence of ascites is a poor prognostic sign of cirrhosis (Gines et al., 2004) as over a 10-year clinical course, the incidence of ascites in cirrhosis has been reported to be 50% and there is almost a 50% 2-year survival rate in patients with advanced ascites (Gines et al., 1987). The fibrous scarring and nodular lymphocytic aggregates seen in the liver biopsy support the diagnosis of hepatitis C with cirrhosis as fibrous scarring is a sign of cirrhosis and the gathering of lymphocytes is a sign of hepatitis
HPI: MR is a 70 y.o. male patient who presents to ER with constant, dull and RUQ abdominal pain onset yesterday that irradiate to the back of right shoulder. Client also c/o nauseas, vomiting and black stool x2 this morning. He reports that currently resides in an ALF; they called the ambulance after his second episodes of black stool. Pt reports he drank Pepto-Bismol yesterday evening without relief. Pt states that he never experienced similar symptoms in the past. Denies any CP, emesis, hematochezia or any other associated symptoms at this time. Client was found with past history gallbladder problems years ago.
We need to understand the structure of the virus, the viral genome, and how it causes the disease, and also to better understand the body’s immune response to the infection. Hepatitis B is a hepadnavirus, (slectron emicroscopy image), with a 42 nm virion. The virion is a double shelled spherical particle and consists of smaller rods and spheres each with an average 22 nm diameter. Not surprisingly the virus is very resistant and survives in high temperatures and is known to have been sequenced from 400 year old mummified
The Hepatitis B virus is a disease that affects the liver and results in swelling and loss of normal function in the liver. It is estimated that 350 million people are infected with Hepatitis B worldwide, with 50 million new cases diagnosed every year.(1) In the Unit...
J.P. was positive for dyspnea and a productive cough. She also was positive for dysuria and hematuria, but negative for flank pain. After close examination of her integumentary and musculoskeletal system, the examiner discovered a shiny firm shin on the right lower extremity with +2 edema complemented by severe pain. A set of baseline vitals were also performed, revealing a blood pressure of 124/80, pulse of 87 beats per minute, oxygen saturation of 99%, temperature of 97.3 degrees Fahrenheit, and respiration of 12 breaths per minute. The blood and metabolic panel exposed to several abnormal labs.
HAV is known to be an infectious disease that usually occurs in children and young adults .The disease is usually transmitted from person to person through contaminated food, liquids or oral fecal route. An example would be when someone is carrying the virus and doesn’t wash their hands after using the restroom and then puts food in their mouth. HAV is most common in developing countries because of the living conditions and inadequate water, poor sewage facilities and sanitary conditions. The highest HAV levels in the world are from India,” Earlier reports suggest that India is hyperendemic for HAV infection2,4-6 with very high infection rates,” (Sowmyanarayanan). Most HAV are without severe complications, “Virus HAV infection rarely causes fulminant hepatic failure in people…,” (Vento,p.1) . The symptoms for HAV are high fever, nausea, vomiting and jaundice...
The sonographic appearance varies depending on of the Hepatitis is acute or chronic. In acute hepatitis you will see a normal texture or portal veins will be more prominent. The liver appears hypoechoic. Attenuation might be present in acute Hepatitis. Gallbladder walls are thickened and hepatosplenomegaly. In chronic Hepatitis the parenchyma will appear coarsed with decreased brightness of the portal triad. Attentuaion is not as great in chronic Hepatitis. Fibrosis may occur with soft shadowing. The size of the liver is decreased and appears hyperechoic.
Hepatitis A is a usually short-acting virus that occurs in humans and monkeys. It is caused by the Hepatovirus and the species is Hepatitis A Virus. There are two major ways in which hepatitis A can be transmitted. One way is from person to person. This transmission occurs when the fecal matter of an infected person gets ingested by another person.
What is hepatic cirrhosis? According to the medical dictionary hepatic cirrhosis is when scar tissue replaces the liver’s healthy tissue. This disease changes the structure of the liver and blood vessels that nurture it. It reduces the liver’s capability to produce proteins and process hormones, nutrients, medications, and poisons. Cirrhosis is an illness that gets worse over time and possibly can become life threatening. This serious illness is ranked as the ninth leading cause of death in the U.S. It is the third most common cause of death for adults between 45 and 65 years of age. It occurs in more than fifty percent of undernourished chronic alcoholics. Unfortunately it kills about 35,000 people per year. In other country’s such as Africa and Asia death from cirrhosis is usually caused by hepatitis B.
"The Nature of Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Cellular Immune Responses in HIV Co-Infected Individuals." NLM Gateway Search. Web. 30 Mar. 2010. .
HBV infection is complex and affects a large population worldwide. The discovery of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) in 1965 by Blumberg et al. (1965) set the stage for rapid progress in understanding and counteracting the disease (qtd in Zuckerman et al. 210). Liver function tests help in estimating the extent of damage caused to the liver during HBV infection. Diagnosis is done by detecting viral specific antigens in the serum. Both active and passive immunization options exist for disease prophylaxis. However, it is always best to practice caution over the parenteral, sexual and other routes of transmission of the disease for effective disease prevention and prophylaxis.
1. Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified disease and how it can impact on the patient and family (450 words)
This is the inflammation of the liver. The hepatitis virus is a major cause of hepatitis in humans. However, the condition can be induced by various infections and medical conditions, such as excess intake of alcohol, medications, toxins, and autoimmune disease. There are five types of hepatitis virus which include: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E. (“Hepatitis | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,” 2015)
Patient profile: Heterosexual Muslim Woman who has been in the United Stated for three years. She came from Pakistan. She is 42 forty-two years old, from low socioeconomic standing, English language barrier, and is Muslim rituals and practices. She came to emergency department with her husband due to shortness of breathing, high fever, severe cough. She was dignosed with new onset of pneumonia and currently on antibiotic. she also has history of Vitamin D deficiencies and diabetes mellitus type II. She admitted to medical-surgical floor for observation...
HBV belongs to hepadnavirus. This genus contains viruses which has double stranded DNA and circular genomes. They replicate by reverse transcription, this trait is common to retroviruses. Although replication occur in liver then virus spread in blood.
The purpose of this reflective journal is to determine the educational needs that the clinic needs in order to have 100 percent compliance with Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment. HCV is currently affecting millions of individuals who have no idea they have the disease. With a multi-disciplinary team who is dedicated to their jobs and successful in monitoring patients currently on treatment, the relapse rate is minimal and medication compliance will increase. In this journal, I will be discussing the issue of medication compliance, how the Pender’s Health Promotion Model and the use of multidisciplinary teams could be a benefit to the individuals pending or currently on HCV