MEMS IN HEART PACEMAKERS
PRATEEK VENKATESH SRIVASTAV – U44684155
BHARATH SHANKAREGOWDA – U73671399 Chemical/Biomedical Sensors and Microfabrication | Fall 2016
11/25/2016
Abstract
The leading cause of death globally are Cardiovascular diseases. They are responsible for more than 17.3 million deaths per year, a figure which is projected to rise to 23.6 million by 2030. In the USA alone, around 2200 Americans die each day from these diseases which is one every 40 seconds. Cardiovascular diseases like strokes or heart attacks can be mitigated for an extent using implantable devices like heart pacemakers. As advantageous as it may sound, there are a few limitations to them too. For example, once the battery life has depleted, the device must be surgically replaced for uninterrupted regulation of the cardiac system. The average battery life of a pacemaker is about 7 years. This leads to repeated surgeries
…show more content…
Also, pacemakers are used for various heart abnormalities like heart failures, blockages in the heart, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which is also called resynchronization therapy and fainting spells resulting from beta blocker.
HEART PACEMAKERS
Problems arising due to these malfunctions can be mitigated to a certain extent by using heart pacemakers. The main function of these life saving devices is to maintain normal heart rate – 60 to 100 bpm. Pacemakers can be employed to treat conditions like Bradycardia – slow heart rate (100 bpm).
Pacemakers are usually implanted on the right collar bone with one or two lead wires of the said pacemakers connected to the walls of the heart cavities. Based on the number of leads originating from the pacemaker, these devices can be broadly categorized as single chambered pacers and dual chamber pacers. Fig.4: Single and dual chamber pacemakers
WORKING
(14) Chieffo A. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation with the Edwards Sapien Versus the Medtronic Corevalve Revalving System Devices: A Multicenter Collaborative Study: The Pragmatic Plus Initiative. 2013;61(8).
1.2 & 1.3 Explain The Cardiac Cycle And Describe How The Heart Rate Is Modified According To The Needs Of The Body
There are four different categories of treatment: lifestyle changes, surgical procedures, non-surgical procedures, and medications. Lifestyle changes include having a healthy diet; increasing physical activity; eliminating cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, and illicit drugs; and getting enough rest and sleep; losing excess weight. These lifestyle changes are to lower the patient’s blood pressure, cholesterol, and reducing any other future medical conditions. There are also surgical options to help cure, prevent, or control cardiomyopathy. Surgical method include a septal myectomy, surgically implanted devices, and a heart transplant. A septal myectomy is used to specifically treat hypertrophy cardiomyopathy which is where the heart muscle cells enlarge and cause the walls of the ventricles to thicken. The thickening of the walls may not affect the size of the ventricles but instead may affect the blood flow out of the ventricle. Usually along with the ventricles swelling, the septum in between the ventricles can become enlarged and block the blood flow causing a heart attack. When medication is not working well to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a surgeon will open the chest cavity and remove part of the septum that is blocking blood flow. Surgically implanted devices include a pacemaker, a cardiac resynchronization therapy device, a left ventricular assist device, and an implantable
of the heart: one chamber is on the top and one chamber is on the
Cochlear implants are electronic devices that sends signals directly to the auditory nerve. Cochlear implants consist of external parts which include the microphone, speech processor, and the transmitter. They also consist of internal parts that must be surgically placed under the skin including the receiver and electrical array. In order for the implant to work, the microphone
..., Welsh R, Feindel C, Lichtenstein S. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:520-8.
Fibrillations are caused by rapid, irregular contractions and may be useless for pumping blood. A defective in the SA node may result in ectopic focus causes abnormal pacemaker takes over. If the AV node takes over the junctional rhythm the heart will run at a pace of 40 to 60 beats per minute. If a defective AV node occurs, it may result in partial or total heart block and few or no impulses from the SA node reach the
Introduction: In year 10, biology, we have been studying the heart: the functions of the heart, the parts of the heart (ventricle, atrium) and heart problems. We have also been studying the heart rate of humans. We were asked to create an experiment to see what affects heart rate. We discovered that diet, stress, cholesterol levels, excitement, mass, age, temperature and exercise affect the heart.
Some treatments can be used. An electronic pace-maker can be inserted and it will send electronic impulse to the heart stimulating it to beat at a normal rhythm. Pace-makers are only inserted when the heart beats too slow. Tachycardis can also be very serious. It can lead to disabling symptoms and even death.
So, what really is cardiovascular drift and is it something to be worried about? Cardiovascular drift is an increase in heart rate that occurs when an athlete is doing the same amount of work and the same exact exercise. This is usually an occurrence when an athlete sweats. Sweating decreases the amount of plasma which means the heart must work harder to pump the oxygen rich blood throughout the body to the working muscles. On a day that’s hot, sweating is more common. Part of that sweat coming out of your body is to cool you off so that your core temperature, or the temperature of the inner part of your body, stays stable. This comes from the liquid portion of the blood, plasma.
[IMAGE] The four heart valves are: 1. the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and the right ventricle 2. the pulmonary (pulmonic) valve, between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery 3. the mitral valve, between the left atrium and left ventricle 4.
Cardiac dysrhythmias come in different degrees of severity. There are heart conditions that you are able to live with and manage on a daily basis, and those that require immediate attention. Atrial fibrillation is one of the more frequently seen types of dysrhythmias (NIH, 2011). The best way to diagnose a heart condition is by reading a cardiac strip (Ignatavicius &Workman, 2013). Cardiac strips play a major role in the nursing world, allowing the nurse and other trained medical professionals to interpret what the heart is doing.
Electrocution occurs when a small, specific amount of electrical current flows through the heart for 1 to 3 seconds. 0.006-0.2 Amps (i.e. 6-200 milliamps) of current flowing through the heart disrupts the normal coordination of heart muscles. These muscles lose their vital rhythm and begin a process known as ventricular fibrillation. Death soon follows.
The human heart has four chambers, the right atrium, left atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle. The human heart has a ton of amazing features. The normal heart rate for adults is 120/80. The human heart weighs twelve ounces and beats at seventy-two beats per minute it is the size of a human fist. Its blood flow has many functions and is extremely vital to our bodies. We would not be able to survive without our heart. I will talk about the functions of our heart and the blood flow of our heart. I will go in detail to let you know things you probably have never heard. Our heart, its four chambers, and blood flow are very interesting and vital to our well-being. Many things can ruin the process of the heart and the way that it works. I will talk about all of the ways that ruin it and I will cover the valves of the heart as well, which are important to the blood flow of the heart.
Pacemakers come in different shapes and sizes. All of them are small and lightweight. Depending on the patient’s heart condition, the physician will prescribe the number of chambers to be paced and a specific kind of pacing. A single-chamber pacemaker paces either the right atrium or the right ventricle with one lead. Single lead pacemakers are used pri...