Abstract
The reason for this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the Hamilton rating scale for depression a 17-item scale (HRSD-17) and three self-report questionnaires patient Health Questionnaire – a 9 item scale, Epidemiologic studies depression Scale (CES-D) questionnaire and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) – a 7 item scale. Students at the university of Stirling were all shown a video and asked ask to mark the totals scores using the Hamilton rating scale.
Introduction
The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) is a book used by health care professionals as a guide to identify and help diagnose mental health disorder, there are seven mood disorders contained
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The psychiatrist referred to the Hamilton rating scale for depression to assess the patients level of depression. The Hamilton rating scale also known as HRSD-17 is a seventeen-step questionnaire which is used to indicate whether patients are showing signs/symptoms of depression and also enables to track their progress in recuperation and recovery. The Hamilton rating scale for depression can be used to self-test ourselves or have someone else read the questions and then give marks based on the answer given as demonstrated in the interview, According to Max Hamilton in a paper written for the department of psychiatry at Leeds University he recommends that if someone is being interviewed then two people be there to take note of the answers allowing notes to be compared and becoming familiar with the scale can provide better results. The students who participated in the experiment were also given their own copy of Hamilton rating scale for depression as well as copies of PHQ-9 (patient health questionnaire), CESD-R (Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Rating) which is a 20-point measuring test for depression and depressive disorder which measures symptoms as defined by the (DSM-V) for major depression.
Quizdom, an application used with smart phones and tablets was used by the students for entering the data and the information was collated at
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Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2014.
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The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is the latest version of one of the most extensively used assessments of depression that utilizes a self-report method to measure depression severity in individuals aged thirteen and older (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996). The BDI-II proves to be an effective measure of depression as evidenced by its prevalent use in both clinical and counseling settings, as well as its use in studies of psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996). Even though the BDI-II is meant to be administered individually, the test administration time is only 5 to 10 minutes and Beck, Steer & Brown (1996) remark that the interpretive guidelines presented in the test manual are straightforward, making the 21 item Likert-type measure an enticing option to measure depression in appropriate educational settings. However it is important to remember that even though the BDI-II may be easy to administer and interpret, doing so should be left to highly trained individuals who plan to use the results in correlation with other assessments and client specific data when diagnosing a client with depression. An additional consideration is the response bias that can occur in any self-report instrument; Beck, Steer & Brown (1996, pg. 1) posit that clinicians are often “faced with clients who alter their presentation to forward a personal agenda that may not be shared.” This serves as an additional reminder that self-report assessments should not be the only assessment used in the diagnoses process.
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The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report inventory that attempts to understand the severity of depression in adults and or adolescents. The original Beck Depression Inventory was created in 1961 by Aaron Beck and his associates and was revised in 1971. In 1971, the Beck Depression Inventory was introduced at the Center for Cognitive Therapy, CCT, at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. Much of the research on the Beck Depression Inventory has been done at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. In the current version, of the Beck Depression Inventory, the subject rates 21 symptoms and attitudes on a 4 point scale depending on severity. Test takers rate the items listed in the inventory according to a one week timeframe, which includes the day the test takers took the test. The items that that the inventory measures covers cognitive, somatic, affective and vegetative dimensions of depression and although it was developed atheoretically, the items correspond with depression symptoms as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The Beck Depression Inventory is widely known and is well known by psychiatric populations and clinicians. The BDI can be administered in a group or individual format by oral or written form. The 1993 version targets more trait aspects of depression versus the previous and earlier versions measured state aspects of depression. The test is to be administered with no more than 15 minutes to take the test, regardless of the mode administered. The 21 symptoms that are rated on the 4 point scale are then totaled and the range can vary from 0 to 63. Patients that score...
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The Beck Anxiety Inventory was designed by Aaron T. Beck and is self report scale that consists of 21 items. The items are short and straightforward, making it easy to read and comprehend. All items are related to anxiety and describe a symptom of anxiety that is rate on a four point likert scale according to severity. The answers range from 0-3 and the responses range from “not at all” to “severely; I could barely stand it” and all items are added for a total score. The instructions on the test ask for the respondent to “indicate how much you have been bothered by each symptom during the past week, including today, by placing an X in the corresponding space in the column next to each symptom” (Dowd, 2008). The assessment is intended for adolescents and adults and can be administered individually or in a group setting. An additional copy of the inventory test is also available in Spanish. It was originally created from a sample of 810 outpatients of that were predominately affected by mood and anxiety disorders and research on the original development is described as informative and thorough.
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