HPV Vaccination Essay

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Recommended: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Types of Vaccines

It is well-known fact that vaccination is a very efficient strategy to prevent many deadly infectious diseases. For example, Polio was eliminated in the United States by 1979 after widespread vaccination efforts. The purpose of a vaccine is to generate and stimulate protective immunity against the invading pathogen.1 Protection against the infectious diseases heavily relied on the magnitude, quality, longevity, and location of the produced antibodies within human tissues. Traditional vaccines that induce permanent immunity are mostly derived from live-attenuated viruses or bacterial pathogens; for example, polio2, vaccinia3, and anthrax spores4. For many years, Aluminium salt was the only adjuvant approved for human use and has been shown effective …show more content…

It is purified from Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is being used for preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. A combination adjuvant of MPLA with alum (AS04) used for HPV vaccination has been shown to be effective compared to administration of only alum along with antigen.16 The AS04 was shown to enhance humoral and B-cell immunity as well as produced antibody titers faster than alum.17 A number of studies consisting use of TLR adjuvants either alone or in combination with other immunoadjuvant are underway to explore the potential of TLR adjuvants for human use. For example, the addition of GPG 7909, a TLR9, to a commercial HBV vaccine enhanced the kinetics, magnitude, and longevity of the seroprotective response over 5 year period.18 In another mice immunization study, it has been shown that administration of nanoparticles containing combination of TLR4 and TLR7 ligands along with antigen synergistically increased antigen-specific, neutralizing antibodies compared to nanoparticles consisting only one TLR immunoadjuvant.19 TLR2 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins such as thioether linked diacyl-glycerol attached to the N-terminal cysteine of secreted proteins that may also carry N-linked acyl chains.20 TLR2 is expressed on multiple cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The lipopeptide ligands such as Pam3CysSK4 that activate these receptors stimulate a wider array of adjuvant functions.14 Studies have demonstrated that Pam3CysSK4 has multiple roles that include DC maturation, activation of macrophages to release cytokines, promoting maturation and stimulation of B cells that produce antigen-specific antibodies and boosting the production of

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