This paper presents the study of non-linear dynamic of cardiac excitation based on Luo Rudy Phase I (LR-I) model towards numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) responsible for cardiac excitation on FPGA. As computational modeling needs vast of simulation time, a real-time hardware implementation using FPGA could be the solution as it provides high configurability and performance. For rapid prototyping, the MATLAB Simulink offers a link with the FPGA which is an HDL Coder that capable to convert the MATLAB Simulink blocks into Very High Description Language (VHDL) and through an FPGA-in-the-loop, simulation for FPGA implementation can be done. Here, MATLAB Simulink successfully simulates the LR-I of excitation model for software simulations. Towards real-time simulation, the HDL Coder function will be used for the FPGA hardware implementation. Cardiac excitation controls the mechanical contractions of the cells through the cardiac excitation-contraction coupling mechanism and controlled by inflow and outflow of transmembrane currents through various types of ion channels. However, the abnormalities of cardiac excitation known as cardiac arrhythmias can occur and could lead to abnormal contraction of cardiac muscle and preventing the heart to pump blood efficiently and can cause fatal risk [1-3]. In the past few decades, the experimental studies are generally preferable [3]. Although this approach is more preferable but experimental studies have the limitations such as quantity of variables for monitoring need high-resolution data in investigating larger preparations and high cost. Meanwhile, modeling techniques for a computer simulation are not associated with such problems [3].Therefore, many electrical and... ... middle of paper ... ...Computer Model Study. Long Island Jewish Medical Centre, New York, United State of Aamerica, 341-343, 1995. [11] Yasunori O., Funahashi A., Shibata Y., Kitano H., and Amano H. An FPGA-based, Multi-model Simulation for Biochemical Systems. Japan. Proccedings of the 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 1-4, 2005. [12] Alireza F., Trong T.D., Chedjou J.C., and Kyamakya K. New Computational Modeling for Solving Higher Order ODE based on FPGA. Alpen-Adria University of Klagenfurt, Austria, 1-5, 2012. [13] Huang C., Frank V., and Tony G. A Custom FPGA Processor for Physical Model Ordinary Differential Equation Solving, IEE Embedded System Letters, Vol. 3 No. 4, 1-4, Disember 2011. [14] Siwakoti P.Y., Graham E.T., Design of FPGA-controlled Power Electronics and Drives Using MATLAB Simulink, Macquarie University, Australia, 571- 577, 2013.
For the heat inactivation, two sets of 11 tubes were set up. The indicated amounts of buffer, water, and ONPG listed in table 10 were added to each tube. In addition, the control enzyme (0.1ml) was added to each tube of the control set and the same amount of heated enzyme was added to each tube of the heated set. The absorbance readings were taken and recorded in table 10. Finally, two Lineweaver-Burk plots were created. The plot for the heated set is represented by graph 10 and graph 11 represents the control set. The Km and the Vmax for the heated set and the control set were determined.
Wolfram,defined four classes into which cellular automata and several other simple computational models can be divided depending on their behavior.In order of complexity, the classes are:-
Potter, J. E., White, K., Hopkins, K., Amastae, J., & Grossman, D. (2010). Clinic Versus Over-
Anatomy of the heart consists of the Atria, which is a collection of blood and not much pump force, Auricle which is attached to the atria to increase potential volume filling, Ventricles have thought myocardium and do the majority of pumping blood, Exterior is the coronary sulcus and the anterior and posterior sulci, the apex is inferior and only the larger left side, and then the base is the superior flattened top of the heart. As we know the heart does conduct electricity, the resting threshold of the heart is -90mV and has a fast and slow channel. Fast channels are transitory whereas slow channels are long lasting which allows for prolonged depolarization. The heart has different rates of depolarizations, it has a central node (SA) which “is the heart 's natural pacemaker”(Medicine Net) which has a BPM of
Page-Reeves, J., Niforatos, J., Mishra, S., Regino, L., Gingrich, A., & Bulten, J. (2011). Health
The process varied from experiment to experiment, however, a few things were kept constant; there was an average of ten to twenty patients and all participants were abov...
Ware, Mark. Canadian Medical Association Journal. webmd.com. N.p. 30 August 2010. Web. 4 May 2014.
A differential equation is defined as an equation which relates an unknown function to one or more derivatives. When solved and transformed into its original equation in the form f(x), an exact value can be found at any given point. While some differential equations can be solved, it is important to realize that very few differential equations that come from "real world" problems can be solved explicitly, and often it is necessary to resort to numerical integration for their solutions. For the exploration I will be using an example in which a differential equation is used in the real world, specifically involving Newton's Law of Cooling. To approximate values at various points of the original equation (Which will be able to be found analytically for means of having the exact values to compare to the approximations. For purposes of the exploration, however, we will assume that the differential equation cannot be solved and we must thus resort to numerical methods), Euler's method will be used and compared with other methods to evaluate how accurate each one is when compared to the true value that is being found. Euler's method, being the earliest discovered approach to approximating solutions for differential equations, is an easy, yet rather inaccurate method when compared to more newly discovered methods that differ in their solving processes. I aim to start with Euler's method, and go on to using other methods in order of increasing accuracy for the same example.
U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Sept. 2011. Web. The Web. The Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
Web. The Web. The Web. 1 Apr 2011. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150999.php>.
In chapter 18, we will apply work and energy method to solve planar motion problems involving force, velocity, and displacement. But first it will be necessary to develop a means of
I have always been fascinated by Biology and Computer Science which propelled me to take up my undergraduate studies in the field of Bioinformatics. As a part of my undergraduate curriculum, I have been exposed to a variety of subjects such as “Introduction to Algorithms”, “System Biology”, “PERL for Bioinformatics”, “Python”, “Structure and Molecular Modeling” and “Genomics and Proteomics” which had invoked my interest in areas such as docking algorithms, protein structure prediction, practical aspects of setting and running simulation, gene expression prediction through computational analysis. These fields have both a strong computational flavour as well as the potential for research which is what attracts me towards them.
Newton-Raphson method is of use when it comes to approximating the root or roots of an equation.
Because to solve a problem analytically can be very hard and spend a lot of time, global, polynomial and numerical methods can be very useful. However, in last decades, numerical methods have been used by many scientists. These numerical methods can be listed like The Taylor-series expansion method, the hybrid function method, Adomian decomposition method, The Legendre wavelets method, The Tau method, The finite difference method, The Haar function method, The...
ed. Ed. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, and Kelly J. Mays. New York: Norton, 2005. 1556-1619.