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Graves disease case study report
Graves disease case study report
Graves disease case study report
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Graves’ disease is considered an auto immune disorder. It is also a hyperthyroid disorder that leads to the over activity of the thyroid gland. Graves’ disease is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Many people suffer from symptoms. This paper will talk about the causes of the disease, research that has been conducted and how it can be treated.
The Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland plays a major role in the endocrine, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and metabolism system. The gland can be found in the front of the neck and above where the collar bones meet. The thyroid gland controls the body by releasing T4 and T3 hormones. Controlling metabolism plays an important role when regulating mood, weight,
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This is because the tissue swells around the eyes and suffer from hyperthyroidism, muscular weakness, and rapid pulse and develop a reddish, painless skin rash. People who show signs and symptoms usually are either mild or severe. It all depends on the activity level of the thyroid. The disease affects the immune system itself and no other places. Symptoms usually develop over a 3-month period. The carrier usually is not aware that they have Graves’ disease. They usually find out when the symptoms are severe. The common signs are weight loss, tremors, feeling of being hot, and palpitations. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.org). The less common sign that can occur as well. They are over activity of the intestines, which leads to frequent bowl movements. Sometimes the breakdown of protein in muscles can lead to extreme weakness, which causes trouble breathing and limited endurance. (The Thyroid Book). The thought of having Graves’ disease can be disturbing. Mood swings and thinking impairment can be difficult to handle. Crying spells, depression and feeling down are common. The patient’s personality can be different and will change. This could make work difficult and hard to keep. Generally, a person with Graves’ disease will have a thyroid that is enlarged but will not have any pain from it. This is called a goiter and can be seen in the neck most of the time. Sometime you cannot see the goiter but by feeling and examining the neck, it can be detected.
Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder that results from an excess of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands being overactive. These glands are small and oval shaped and are located in the neck. The parathyroid hormones produced by the parathyroid glands help to maintain an acceptable balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning.
Hypothyroidism is a chronic disease that is part of the endocrine system. Hypothyroidism is due low or lack of tri-iodothryonine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) thyroid hormones being produced by the thyroid gland. The lack of thyroid hormones could be due to iodine or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency or underactive thyroid gland (Sherwood, 2012). Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are involved in almost every part of the body. It is ten times more prevalent in female than male, which affects about 4.6% of U.S population (Lellis-Santos et al, 2011). In the most cases, the symptoms are cold intolerance, fatigue, bradycardia and weight gain. Depending on the cause on hypothyroidism, a goiter may develop, which is the enlargement of the thyroid gland. In most cases taking thyroid hormone supplement is an effective treatment.
If you have too little of thyroid hormones, it is called hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism symptoms include feeling tired, gaining weight, and grogginess. The amount of the hormone released from the thyroid gland is regulated by the pituitary glan...
The thyroid organ, though small, impacts every cell in the body by providing metabolism regulation (endocrine web). This butterfly-shaped, endocrine organ located at the neck, secretes hormones to control the body’s metabolism - or the way the body uses energy that help the body with energy, manage heat, and help organs such as the heart and brain function properly (thyroid.org). When not functioning properly, thyroid dysfunctions occur disrupting the three points of control: the hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland. Common thyroid disorders include Hashimoto’s, Graves’ disease, thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and nodules or goiters (health line).
The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes its way to the bloodstream until it reaches the thyroid where it is then signaled to activate T3 and T4 production [1]. This mechanism is controlled by a negative feedback loop meaning that when there is a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood stream, this will signal back to stop production of thyroid stimulating hormones. Complications occur when the thyroid hormones keep increasing even though there is already a sufficient amount of T3 and T4 in the blood stream. This process of over expression of thryroid hormones is known as hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a general term that includes any disease that has a consequence of an overabundance of thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism is a general term but there are many variant diseases that are in the hyperthyroidism category. These diseases include diffuse toxic goiter, Basedow’s disease, thyrotoxicosis, Parry’s and Graves’ disease.
The thyroid is a small gland at the base of the neck. The thyroid is shaped like a butterfly. It releases hormones that deliver energy to the cells of the body (Shomon). The thyroid releases two hormones called T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). The hormones control rates in the body such as, how fast the heart beats and how fast calories are burned. These activities make up the metabolism (“Publications”).
I, myself, have suffered from hypothyroidism since I was 21 years old, and depression during my high school years. This disorder came to us by surprise since nobody in the family has a history of thyroid disorder. The age the disorder came about was probably the most shocking part that left even the doctor questioning the blood tests. But in the end, it was something that was going on inside of me that needed medical attention before it became it worse and symptoms would be more apparent. Such diagnosis has lead me to make certain decisions in my life such as exercising and eating the right
Thyroid cancer has a multitude of symptoms that one can use to idenfity it. For example, a lump on your neck, pain in the throat or neck, difficulty swallowing, and swollen lymph nodes are all examples
Is the opposite of graves’ disease, and occurs when not enough hormones are produced by the thyroid gland. Causing the human body’s function to decrease or possibly stop it for good, Hershman said. Another disease that can affect the thyroid is cancer, the journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) was published in 2017, discovered in the 1975’s. In 2013 the amount of thyroid cancer patients diagnosed has tripartite. With the now known knowledge of a swelling or lump on a thyroid gland is labeled a nodule. Some nodules can increase the development of too much hormone, which might be carcinogenic. Stated and researched by the Endocrine Society, hormone@endoctrine.org. In such medical cases cancerous, the thyroid
Shomon, M. J. (2014). What Are the Causes of Autoimmune Diseases, Including Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Like Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Disease. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://thyroid.about.com/od/endocrineautoimmune1/l/blcauses.htm
Graves disease also known as toxic diffuse goiter is an autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid gland located in the neck. This gland regulates every day functions such as mood, mental and physical energy, and weight. It does this by releasing T3 and T4. When the gland begins to make too much of these hormones it is known as hyperthyroidism. Graves disease is usually the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and can lead to many issues if not properly treated.
Graves’ disease is a disorder of the immune system that causes the thyroid gland to become hyperactive. Since this is an autoimmune disorder, the body’s immune system inadvertently attacks its own cell rather than protecting the body from external pathogens. This condition causes the body’s immune system to make abnormal chemicals called immunoglobulins that stimulate the thyroid gland to make an excessive amount of thyroid hormone. This overactive thyroid condition is called hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease 2013).
The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that has direct control over the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. These hormones are called regulatory hormones. They are considered regulatory hormones because they are molecules secreted into the blood to regulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones (McKinley 669). Regulatory hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and they travel to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; therefore affecting target organs to produce certain functions in the body, and Graves disease is related to this process.
There are many signs and symptoms of Graves’ disease. Symptoms of Graves’ disease include anxiety, irritability, insomnia, tiredness, irregular or accelerated heart rate, and sensitivity to heat. Sign of Graves’ disease are tremors in the hands and fingers, weight loss, brittle hair, goiter, menstrual cycle changes, and more frequent bowel movements. People with Graves’ disease also report having symptoms of Graves’ opthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease. This can include bulging of the eyes, itchy eyes, red eyes, sensitivity to light, and swelling around the eyelids. More severe cases of opthalmopathy include corneal ulcers, double vision, blurred vision, and restricted eye movements. According to a journal published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, “Smoking greatly increases the risk for Graves’ opthalmopathy. Among patients with Graves’ opthalmopathy, smokers had more severe eye disease than nonsmokers. Smoking also appears to be one of the multiple factors inducing Graves’ disease in genetically predisposed individuals.” One more sign of Graves’ disease, though it is no...
Weetman wrote that Caleb Parry, Robert J. Graves and Karl V. Basedow new the original descriptions about Graves’ disease. He also stated the records indicated that the description of exophthalmos and goiter appeared in the 1800’s and that the information first came from Caleb Parry’s research. (5) Perry’s first initial patient had palpation and goiter postpartum which was considered an onset autoimmune thyroid disease. Therefore, Perry assumed that this disease precipitated by acute stress, and these findings were made in 1786, but were later published in 1825. As a physician Perry discovers were amazing and advanced and most of his research had to be rediscovered. (5) Later, a man by the name of Robert J. Graves became chief at the Meath Hospital in Dublin in 1821, he also