Figure 1.Jump performance of humans and grasshoppers
The two columns in the graph represent the mean values and the error lines represent the standard deviations of the tested grasshopper and human subject. The jumping distance of the grasshoppers was more than the jumping distance of humans and the TTEST value was less than 0.05.
2.
Relative Femur Muscle Mass
The grasshopper jumps farther relative to humans because the ratio of grasshopper’s femur mass to body mass is greater than the human’s ratio of femur mass to body mass.
Relative leg length
The grasshopper jumps better relative to humans because the leg length compared to the body length ratio is more for the grasshopper.
Joint rotation
The grasshopper jumps better relative to humans
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This hypothesis was also not supported by the data that we collected as well. Once again, the data that we collected was opposite to the data, since the mean for leg length to torso length was 1.59 for humans and 1.13 for grasshoppers. In the graph the human column is higher than the grass hoper column as well because the grasshoppers have a smaller leg length compared to the body length and this is opposite to what I predicted in the hypothesis.
Joint rotation
The grasshopper jumps better relative to humans because grasshoppers has a longer angle of rotation when it bends to jump than a human would have while jumping. This hypothesis was supported by the data that we collected because the mean for angle rotation was 93 of humans and 147 for grasshoppers and was only time that it was greater.
5.
The hypothesis that was sufficient, according to the data observed, was # 4: Joint angle rotation. This hypothesis was sufficient because the data that we collected actually supported this hypothesis. The grasshoppers are able to bend completely 180 degrees before making the jump while a human can at most only bend 90 degrees while making a jump and the longer the rotation angle used for bending the greater the acceleration will be and this will result in longer
To conduct the experiment, the beetles were massed, then attached to a petri dish with a 30 centimeter piece of dental floss. The beetle’s mass was the independent variable. Afterwards, the floss was tied to the beetle’s midsection with a slip knot. Then, the beetle was placed on a piece of fabric with the petri dish attached to it. As soon as the beetle was able to move with one paperclip inside the petri dish, more were added, one by one, until it could not move any further. After the beetle could not pull any more, the paperclips were massed and the results were recorded. The dependent variable was the mass that the beetles could pull. No control group was included in this experiment.
Students and researchers can learn a lot from observing the mink; unexpectedly I was able to find many similarities between the mink and a human. Humans and Minks are very close in class, which explains their similarities in anatomy. Indeed although these two organisms have a lot in common there are major differences amongst these similarities. The similarities are due to the fact that both humans and the mink are mammals. The differences are due to the differences in environment, habits, size etc... One example is the fact that minks and humans both have lugs of similar shape but different lobes. Each of these similarities and/or differences benefit both the human and the mink, in their own unique way, with each structure having its own function. Overall the mink is a very complex animal and so is an individual.
For years it was thought that the golf swing was a solid piece of movement without any differentiating variables. Vast expansion in technology over the last 20 years has produced more information on the biomechanics of the golf swing. “ Golf Biomechanics applies the principles and technique of golf mechanics to the structure and function of the golfer in an effort to improve the golf technique and performance” (Hume P., Keogh J., and Reid D. 2005) Biomechanics, “The scientific discipline that applies mechanical principles and to understanding movement.” (Hume P., Keogh J., and Reid D. 2005) allows scientists to observe a golfer’s swing to near milliseconds to the point of impact. This is much more precise to previous measurements used such as video recordings, outlines, etc. Understanding how the swing works by breaking down the movements within the swing through visual aids emphasize the opportunity for a better swing and in turn, better golf. Studies of biomechanics within the golf swing have shown the sequential separation from torso to pelvis, disproving the original theory of a solid swing with continuous motion known as the X-factor. Before understanding how the biomechanics of the golf swing works with the X-factor, the basics of the swing must be established.
Figure 6. Ratio of Male Weight to Calf Circumference and Jump Height—When compared, the ratio of weight to calf circumference and the jump height in males result in a negative correlation.
I chose to study the behaviors of the Spider monkey and the Sifaka. I chose them for a few reasons, one being that Spider monkeys are incredibly adorable and two Sifaka’s remind me of a childhood television show, Zoboomafoo. These two primate groups also struck my attention in class, so this project was a perfect opportunity to dig a little deeper. The behaviors I chose to observe were social interactions and locomotion. The biggest differences I noticed between the two primates were that the Spider monkeys have the prehensile tails and without exerting extra energy is able to engage in a few common locomotion patterns such as quadrupedal, suspensory and bipedalisim. Where as Sifaka’s lack a tail, and remain upright at all times, and the only way they don’t waste energy moving around is to jump through the trees. They both hangout in troops, eat similar things and mainly live up high in the trees-- but Spider monkeys care for their own young for up to a year while the Sifaka’s usually engage in non-maternal infant care.
So, for figure 5 which is the means plot, we use the means plots to see if our mean will be different with the groups of data. Because when we are ale to see the visual interpretation of this section, we will come to the following conclusions, which we can the mean scores for the section that is higher than our mean scores for the section 2 and 3.
Many factors could have played a part in the evolution to bipedalism. Some of these are adaptation to environment and the need to have free hands to handle tools and weapons. These factors were the basis of Charles Darwin's theory of the evolution of quadrupeds to bipeds. (Hawks). Advantages of bipedalism include the ability to see farther and wider distances because you can see from a higher vantage point; the ability to carry food, tools, and weapons; and more efficient movement.
.... Whereas, in humans it is much easier to visualize the difference inside or cut out. In addition, the small intestine was about six times the body length of the mink, although, in humans the small intestine is three to four times the body length.
Increments of five minutes were used for measuring the creatures. By the end of the experiment, the creature in Sprite had grown to double in length. The creature grown in water also doubled exactly in length. However, while the lengths were the same, creature two gained much more mass than creature one. Creature one grew from one point zero five grams to four point seventy-four grams. In comparison, creature two started the same as creature one, and grew to five point six grams.
A standing broad jump is a jump for distance from a standing position. It can be divided into four temporal phases: countermovement, propulsion, flight, and landing. In the countermovement phase, the subject squats to load up and extends the shoulders and the arms. In the propulsion phase, the goal is to generate enough force to propel the body forward. The person must stand erect in full extension of the trunk, hips, and knees. Then, the person flexes at the hip and the knee, which results with the trunk being rotated in a forward direction. Next, the arms become slightly flexed to hyperextension, to full flexion. Prior to the flight phase, the body goes into full extension. The flight phase begins as soon as the feet have left the ground. During this phase, the body stays in full extension or can become hyperextended. Towards the end of the flight phase, the trunk rotates forward in an anterior direction along with minor hip and knee flexion just before landing. During the landing phase, the knees and the hips are in maximum flexion and forward rotation of the trunk. There is also arm movement by moving both arms in the vertical direction to improve jumping distance. At the onset of the jump, the arm swings forward and during landing, they swing back and forth.
This paper will explain a few of the key concepts behind the physics of skydiving. First we will explore why a skydiver accelerates after he leaps out of the plane before his jump, second we will try and explain the drag forces effecting the skydiver, and lastly we will attempt to explain how terminal velocity works.
In the preparation phase is taken place in a sagittal plane. The knees and hips are flexed prior to the extension. It pre-stretches the muscles that contracts in the jump. From an upright standing position at….. degree angle, the player initiates a decelerating downward movement where the abdominals are contracted to …….degree angle. The downward motion flexes the hips by eccentric contraction in the gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, and Biceps Femoris. In this downward movement, the knees are flexed causing a concentric contraction at ……… degrees on the Rectus Femoris, Vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis. The flexed knee also causes an eccentric contraction on the hamstring on the bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. Whilst the lower body is in a bend position, the upper body such as the shoulder girdle are elevated. The scapulothoracic is elevated by the levator scapulae, rhomboids and the middle fibers of the trap while the shoulder joint muscles are flexed by isometric contraction by the flexors of the anterior fibers of the deltoid, pectoralis major and coracobrachialis. As the individual holds the ball and moves into this crouched position, the elbow are flexed at degree ...
I have come to these predictions using scientific knowledge. The heavier something is, the faster they fall, so I decided to base my first prediction on this fact. I based the second hypothesis on the parachutist example in my introduction.
One of the first reason why insects are so successful because they possess a tough exoskeleton that is covered with a waxy water repellant layer. The exoskeleton of insects also has helped them survive. An insect's external skeleton, or exoskeleton, is made of semi-rigid plates and tubes. In insects, these plates are made of a plastic like material called chitin along with a tough protein. A waterproof wax covers the plates and prevents the insect's internal tissues from drying out. Insect exoskeletons are highly effective as a body framework, but they have two drawbacks: they cannot grow once they have formed, and like a suit of armor, they become too heavy to move when they reach a certain size. Insects overcome the first problem by periodically molting their exoskeleton and growing a larger one in its place. Insects have not evolved ways to solve the problem of increasing weight, and this is one of the reasons why insects are relatively small. But compared to animals the Exoskeletons d...