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Antonio Gramsci, a writer, politician, and philosopher, was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini’s Italian Fascist state in 1926. At this time, he was the General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party, and although unfortunately he was imprisoned for almost ten years, he wrote countless pages commenting on Marxist theory, called the Prison Notebooks. While commenting on Marx’s theories, he created his own, hegemony. Living in the early twentieth century, Gramsci took Karl Marx’s ideas and created his version of hegemony, that is his “theoretical response to that fin de siècle crisis of Marxism and to those far-reaching questions about consciousness and society posed in the Italian revolt against positivism.” Fin de siècle means relating to the end of the nineteenth century, which is a little before the Italian Fascist Party began to take over. Gramsci was able to create two superstructures of society, one being civil society, the other being political society, as a part of the capitalist state that he was living in at the time. Political society rules through force, while civil society rules through consent. Gramsci noticed that hegemony was created and reproduced in “cultural life through the media, universities, and religious institutions to ‘manufacture consent’ and legitimacy.”
According to Bates, Gramsci “incorrectly identified [a] period of hegemony with [Benedetto] Croce,” who looked to “discover the quality of universality, in every struggle some sign of the human spirit seeking to realize its freedom.” Gramsci’s period of political hegemony was that dictatorship is not the powerful force in society; but hegemony, the idea that man is not ruled just by force, but by ideas as well, is more po...
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...eferred ideology due to the popularity of the movie.
Works Cited
Bates, Thomas R. “Gramsci and the Theory of Hegemony.” Journal of the History of Ideas 36, no. 2 (April 1975): 351. doi:10.2307/2708933.
Clark, Kingsley. “Whatever Works: Hegemonic Masculinity in Disney Movies.” Whatever Works, July 12, 2011. http://ohlawdgawd.blogspot.com/2011/07/hegemonic-masculinity-in-disney-movies.html.
Gail Dines, and Jean M. Humez. Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader. SAGE, 2011.
Kerry Manderback. “Hegemony, Cultural Hegemony, and The Americanization of Imported Media.” Accessed November 28, 2013. http://www.academia.edu/2942539/Hegemony_Cultural_Hegemony_and_The_Americanization_of_Imported_Media.
Stuckey, Mary E., and Richard Morris. “Pocahontas and Beyond: Commodification and Cultural Hegemony.” World Communication 28, no. 2 (April 1999): 45.
These were pivotal times in the annals of world history in the 20th century. Mussolini and Hitler’s rise to power was clearly a threat to the freedoms of the United States and its Allies. Through God’s grace and omnipotence, the US alliance, industrialization and intellectual might, we had the resources required to overcome the fierce and mighty threat of Fascism in the Free World.
Multiple historians have touched on the change in government during Fascist Italy’s reign in World War II. In Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development, Alexander De Grand clarifies the many promises Benito Mussolini fabricated for the Italian people in order to get them to join his cause such as the improvement on poverty with the rise of a new Roman Empire. De Grand also gives an opposite view, with some citizens seeing Fascism as a “model of efficiency.” In Melton S. Davis’ Who Defends Rome?, t...
Because fascism has been practiced in a variety of locations, at differing points in history, with no specific guidelines, every seemingly practical definition of fascism is simply too limiting to serve as a proper definition. Furthermore, to speak of fascism in generalizations prohibits one from truly understanding the completely confused concept. To avoid such generalizations, one must look at fascism as it was found in specific examples. Such examples include, Mussolini’s Italy and Hitler’s Germany. Although these two instances are not all encompassing of the ideology, they exhibit fascism to the greatest proportions. Additionally, these instances allow one to get a vivid and practical notion to what fascism truly is.
In The Prison Notebooks (1971) Gramsci does not associate hegemony with the governance of a solitary individual or any structuralist energy phenomena, such as a discourse, collective conscience, deep structure or culture. Instead, hegemony from a Gramscian perspective signifies a variety of different organizations of people and agents in state formations, such as a structure, a practice, an apparatus, a unity of opposing structures or a function of leadership (Gramsci, 1971). Hegemony is always considered to be a process (Gramsci, 1971). In other contexts, hegemony may refer to a level or moment, which is equal to an evolutionary stage of leadership. Hegemony also may refer to a social grouping related to a particular social, political, cultural,
Gramsci conceived of hegemony when he was imprisoned by Mussolini’s Fascist regime. He was interested in understanding how a state could remain in power and maintain its control even when so many people were oppressed by it. Gramsci developed his concept of hegemony to understand how forces of power can lead people in the lower class to maintain the status quo rather than rebel against it even in the face of oppression. He maintained that control does not always happen through violence or political and economic coercion but also through ideology. He states that hegemony is the “political leadership...consent in the life and activities of the state and civil society” (Gramsci SPN Q10,I§12). In this sense, Hegemony is defined as, “the ‘spontaneous’ consent given by the great masses of the population to the general direction imposed on social life by the dominant fundamental group” (Lears 1985: 568).
Gramsci's most prominent inheritance to the discipline of cultural studies is the concept of hegemony - to refer to a condition in the process in which a dominant class (in alliance with other classes or class fractions) does not merely rule a society but leads it through the exercise of ‘intellectual and moral leadership' (Storey, 2009:79). Its prevalence roots itself in mass consensus, suggesting a stable society operating within a concord, albeit the overhead oppression and exploitation. With the entirety of the following argument resting upon which ‘hegemony' is defined, it is worth noting that Gramsci's contextualization of the term has two facets in itself. He paints on one side of the coin, its disparity against "domination", pinned
In 1806, nearly two hundred years before Fukuyama’s audacious historical stance, George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel declared the end of history. Hegel bases his claim in that the Napoleonic Code, a preliminary, yet revolutionary replacement of previous feudal laws, was being promulgated and slowly implemented throughout Napoleon’s empire . Hegel believes, however, that the adoption of a particular code or set of standards for a civil society, like the Napoleonic Code or the Constitution of the United States, is stipulated on the rational evolution or progression of peoples towards the realization that they are free or equal. In short, a constitution that guarantees your freedom means nothing to those who do not possess the self-consciousness
Dines, Gail, and Jean McMahon Humez. Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995. Print.
Mussolini’s population policy was a clear effort to exercise his authoritarian control over the people of Italy, regulating the most personal and private details of their lives. In his bid for complete control, he used new laws, propaganda, and sometimes brutal tactics in order for his wishes to be recognized. It is during the 1920’s to the 1940’s that totalitarian control over the state escalated into full dictatorships, with the wills of the people being manipulated into a set of beliefs that would promote the fascist state and “doctrines.”
Ouellette, Laurie. "Inventing the Cosmo Girl." Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader. By Gail Dines and Jean McMahon Humez. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2011. 228-29. Print.
The era of the Italian Renaissance was a time period for many great thinkers whose minds helped shape the way that people see the world today and Niccolo Machiavelli is certainly no exception. He is most assuredly one of the top philosophical and political minds in the history books and has been an inspiration for many leaders. Unfortunately, tyrannical dictators such as Adolf Hitler were known to use Machiavelli’s teachings in their quest for power so the world has not always viewed this man in the most positive light, even with the things that he tried to teach.
Disney’s intentions were more than to captivate young children. They were ultimately to retell the original story of Pocahontas and the settlers and to address social issues of lifestyle and acceptance depending on race and the way they are being treated, proving that marriage isn’t all that important and addressing familial gender roles in society based on having a mother figure. Since 1995, the story of Pocahontas serves to entertain the young minds of children, but none the less the messages for seen in the movie, are mentioned to stress the issues of a series of systems in which maintain the imbalance of power among society’s social organization.
One of the greatest exports of American culture is American media. American media is one of the most widely distributed and consumed cultural forms from the United States. This means that not only do Americans consume large quantities of their own media, but many other countries in the world consume American media, too. People in other countries will not interpret or understand the media in precisely the same ways that Americans will and do, nonetheless, many aspects of American culture and American reality are communicated to numerous viewers as part of the content in the media. The media is an important tool in the discussion of race, class, and gender in America. It takes a savvy viewer to discriminate between and understand what media accurately represents reality, what media does not, or which aspects of experience are fictionalized, and which elements ...
Hegemony was derived from the Greek word "egemonia," meaning leader or ruler, often in the sense of a state other than his own (Williams 144). Although the base of this definition remains true, the word has evolved to much more. Hegemony is defined by Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought as "Political and economical control exercised by a dominant class, and its success in projecting its own way of seeing the world, human and social relationships as 'common sense' and part of the natural order by those who are, in fact, subordinated to it." Hegemony is defined as a predominant influence or leadership of a dominant class or institution over a subordinate class; the question is are the "subordinates" forced to follow the beliefs, or do they agree with them?
How mass media is using both Ideology and Popular Culture to develop societal expectations and social identities. This essay will look at how Ideology, Hegemony, and Popular Cultural Theory shape common values and expectations of society and media’s influence and compare and contrast differing approaches to understanding the relationship between media and society. The discussion will be contextualized through the use of gender roles and expectations, and how these theories develop and affect the female social identity.