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Pathophysiology of kidney failure
Acute kidney injury case study
Pathophysiology of kidney failure
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Glomerulonephritis is a complex condition. The tiny filters within the kidneys (glomeruli) are damaged by inflammation. Damaged glomeruli can no longer filter wastes effectively from the blood. Complications of this disease include kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome (protein in the urine, high cholesterol, and low protein in the blood), and nephritic syndrome (body tissue swelling, protein and blood in the urine). Glomerulonephritis may occur alone, as a result of an immune system disorder, or due to an infection. The condition can be an acute type of illness or a chronic type of illness. The acute disease may be caused by infections, such as strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis). It may also be caused by other diseases that affect the whole
Chronic kidney disease also denoted as chronic renal failure is the gradual failure of the kidney to perform its function as required. The condition occurs gradually thus goes undetected until when it is too late. According to Buttaro et al (2013, p.723), there are certain risk factors that lead to the development of chronic kidney disease that individuals should be conversant with. Chronic kidney disease is hereditary meaning it can be passed from a parent to a child via genes. Age is another factor. This implies that people over 60 years are likely to get the disease thus should be cautious. Individuals having atherosclerosis, bladder obstruction, chronic glomerulonephritis or congenital kidney disease are also at the risk of getting the
Glomerulonephritis, as a defined disease, is very broad in terms of a medical condition and is usually only diagnosed after a routine medical check-up or tests for another condition discover; the symptoms may not be obvious. This disease targets the membrane tissues made of tiny filtering cluster units within the kidneys called glomerulus, which comes from a Greek word meaning filter (NIH, 2014). This illness presents as an inflammation of the tiny filtering units called glomeruli of the kidneys that can be caused by a passing illness associated with an infection or as a result of an autoimmune disease (Nemours, 1995-2016). Glomerulonephritis is a multi-symptom disease caused by genetics or environmental factors that can have variable degrees
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
Kidneys play an important role in the unary tract. They are located on each side of the spine, just below the ribcage. Each kidney is connected to the bladder by ureters. The kidneys have many functions, but the most common functions are to clean waste, control chemicals, and regulate fluid in the body which makes up the urine. Urine collects in the kidney before entering the ureters and as time passes more materials are added. When calcium and oxalate or phosphates are combined in the kidney tiny stones are formed called nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones. These stones can be very painful and “increases risks for diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis” (Goldfarb, 2009). About ten percent of all people will have kidney stones in their lifetime. Kidney stones are most frequently found in white men over the age of forty, relatives of kidney stone patients, and people who have formerly had kidney stones.
In this experiment the effects of blood vessel radius and blood pressure on glomerular filtration was experimented. The effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is as the glomerular capillary pressure decreased; the filtration rate decreased. The effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is as the glomerular capillary pressure increased; the filtration rate increased. The effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is as the glomerular capillary pressure increased; the filtration rate increased. The effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate is that glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate decreased
Mcgrogan, A., Franssen, C. F. and De Vries, C. S. 2011. The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide: a systematic review of the literature. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26 (2), pp. 414-430.
Nephrolithiasis, also known as kidney stone, affects up to 5% of the population, with a lifetime risk of passing a kidney stone of about 8-10% (Parmar 2004).
Nephrolithiasis, more commonly known as kidney stones, is a common renal disease characterized by crystal depositions in the kidney as a result of urinary supersaturation. There are several types of stones, such as uric acid, cystine, and struvite stones, but calcium stones are the most common.
1 in 3 Americans Adults are currently at risk for developing kidney disease. What is acute renal failure, when your kidneys functions all of a sudden stop working and your kidneys are the body’s filter which remove waste products and help balance water, salts and minerals especially electrolytes in your blood when your kidneys stop working you end up building all the products in your body that need to be filtered and eliminated. The pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure are due to three main causes Pre-renal, Intra-renal, and Post renal. Pre-renal is a sudden drop in blood pressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from illness or sever injury. Intra-renal is direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation of drugs, infection, toxins or reduced blood supply. Post-renal is a sudden obstruction of urine flow because of enlarged prostate bladder tumor, kidney stones, or injury.
It occurs due to the overproduction of Escherichia coli and/or after kidney transplantation. The transplantation can lead to two different types diseases, chronic (long-lasting) or acute (sudden and limited). The kidney’s function are water/fluid balance, removing waste products from blood, and regulation of blood pressure via enzyme Renin. The infection is treatable via prescribed antibiotics. Lastly, pyelonephritis can be prevented by maintaining a positive healthy body. I would like to conclude that learning about pyelonephritis has made me have a different view on the importance of a fit
Pathophysiology There are three different stages of acute renal failure; prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal. Prerenal failure is a result from an illness or injury that causes obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys, called hypoperfusion. Hypotension, hypervolemia and inadequate cardiac output are all examples that could cause prerenal failure. According to Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (2009), “prerenal azotemia, excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood, account for 40% to 80% of all cases of acute renal failure” (p. 307). Intrarenal is when there is direct damage to the kidney tissue by either inflammations, drugs, infections or a reduction in the blood supply to the kidney. Post renal is when there is an obstruction of the urine flow. Causes of obstruction could be enlarged prostate gland, kidney stones, bladder tumor or injury. There are four phases of acute renal failure; onset, oliguria, diuresis and recovery. The onset phase can last hours or up to days. The BUN and creatinine levels may start to increas...
The blood tests performed when post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is suspected are similar to those discussed above with rheumatic fever. In this condition, blood pressure is often high and should also be measured. A sample of urine may also be assessed to assist in making the diagnosis.
This article is for people whose kidneys fail to work. This condition is called end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
...ve or systemic disease (Cole and Gazewood, 2007, p. 862). Scarring is unusual in most cases, but hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation sometimes occur post infection. The prognosis for impetigo is a positive one. Most patients’ condition resolves in 2 weeks (Cole and Gazewood, 2007, p. 861). If complications do occur, acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a very important one. It affects up to 5% of patients with nonboullous (Brown, Shriner, Schwartz, and Janniger, 2007, p. 252).
From the results of the numerous tests carried out according to the patient history of frothy urine with a significant oedema over a maximum period of 5 days, the patient was diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome. This is condition that occurs due to leakage in the kidney filtration part leading to a large amount of protein leaking from the blood into the urine. This is mainly due to fluid retention known as oedema which is as a result of low protein level in the blood. It occurs due to abnormal functioning or a part of the kidney is affected (glomeruli). This syndrome can be caused by numerous diseases coming together to cause or form one particular disease; these causes range from minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and other conditions, disorders of the glomeruli. The membranous nephropathy also known as the membranous nephritis or membranous glomerulonephritis, only causes diseases in adults and very uncommon in children. Leakage occurs from this due to the thickening of the membranous in the glomeruli which is the filter of the glomeruli. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a causative due to the formation of small scars (sclerosis) on some of the kidney glomeruli. Another form of cause of nephrotic is minimal change which is due to lack of virtual change detected in the glomeruli when examined under the microscope. This causes the syndrome in 9 out of a total of 10 children under the age of 5 years.