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Conflict resolution strategies
Conflict management
Conflict management
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Darfur is located in the western region of Sudan, adjacent to Chad and Central Africa. Darfur is ethnically and culturally diverse; its population is approximately 6 million people from as many as 100 tribes. The Darfur genocide was not an abrupt event; it was a culmination of incidents that raised ethnic tensions within the African country of Sudan. One can trace the start of the tension all the way back to 1989, when Omar al-Bashir came to power in a coup. It is his regime that has inflamed ethnic tensions and has committed mass atrocities. The first event happened at The Sudanese El Fasher Air Base, which is located in the capital of North Darfur. Rebel forces, calling themselves the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF), which eventually …show more content…
The Darfur conflict is legally classified as genocide under the Statute of the International Criminal court because there was intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. The intent to destroy a racial group is shown by claims that the Janjawid would yell “Masalit! Nuba! Kill them all!”, which are racial epithets. The Janjawid had similar rhetoric during rapes. The genocide in Darfur has claimed approximately 300,000 lives and displaced over 3 million people. As many as 3.2 million people remain in need of humanitarian assistance, which is more than a third of Darfur’s population. Even with this evidence there is a minority that argues that Darfur is not a genocide because genocidal intent ‘‘beyond reasonable doubt’’ has not been proven. One of the acts covered under crimes against humanity is sexual violence. One example of this used was when “Janjaweed militia wearing government uniforms attack a boarding school in Tawila, Darfur forcing 110 Zaghawa girls to strip naked at gunpoint before conducting multiple rapes and then setting the school on fire.” There were 14 incidents of mass killings in Dar Masalit alone between September 2003 and February 2004, attacks which left as many as 770 dead. The government used cruel tactics of bombing and burning villages, looting economic resources, and murdering, raping and …show more content…
While other attempts were unsuccessful, The Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was in comparison moderately successful. The DPA, also known as the Abuja agreement, was signed on May 5th, 2006 by the Government of Sudan and one faction of the SLA. The other faction of SLA was left out, which hindered the success of the agreement. The DPA created a regional governing body, the Darfur Regional Authority (DRA), was established with a mandate of power-sharing, wealth-sharing and compensation. Later, President Bashir was found guilty on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The International Criminal Court released an arrest warrant for Bashir on the day of March 4 2009. The same month the government of Sudan expelled and suspended the operations of 13 international humanitarian aid organizations. At least 3 domestic aid organizations were halted in Darfur. The conflict has not been completely resolved because as recent as 2014 nearly 400,000 people were displaced from continued violence. Many people in Darfur still lack the necessary resources and struggle to live with the possibility of starvation or disease. There are still efforts to help Darfur such as Save Darfur or Eyes on
There was a war in Sierra Leone, Africa, from 1991 to 2002 where a rebel army stormed through African villages amputating and raping citizens left and right (“Sierra Leone Profile”). Adebunmi Savage, a former citizen of Sierra Leone, describes the reality of this civil war:
“UN Extends Darfur Force Mandate.” Aljazeera.net. 31 Jul 2010: n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 08 Nov 2013.
contributed to helping this Genocide as well. This is because the U.S. was the first to tell the world that what was happening in Darfur was a genocide. On September 9, 2004, the United States secretary of State Colin Powell announced the genocide (World Without Genocide). The was the day when many came to know about the harsh reality that people in Darfur have to face. The bystanders of this genocide would notice how horrible the genocide is, but may not do much about it. There will be some that will but many will just ignore it probably. Since nothing bad is happening to themselves then they aren’t worrying
As seen from “Armed & Underage” by Jeffrey Gettleman, “...200,000 children worldwide are still being used as combatants, usually against their will. And it isn't just boys: Girls are often pressed into duty as cooks or messengers. Many are subjected to sexual abuse, including rape.” As revealed, the children involved in this injustice, are ordinarily being forced to be mistreated. This supports the claim that when groups come together they can help those involved, as with the help of public backlash on this issue, they can help the children involved get out of these situations. Accordingly from “The Charge: Genocide” By Lydia Polgreen, “...Sudan's President, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, could face arrest on charges of genocide—the systematic destruction of a racial or cultural group—as well as war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur: In July, the prosecutor at the International Criminal Court (I.C.C.), based in The Hague, the Netherlands, formally requested an arrest warrant for Bashir.” As conveyed, a prosecutor from the I.C.C has requested an arrest warrant for Bashir, consequently he committed against humanity. This aids in supporting the claim that when groups come together they can help those involved seeing that the I.C.C has come together to go against the injustices committed by Bashir, which would help stop the injustices to help the many people involved in these atrocities. Likewise from Polgreen´s text, “The I.C.C. prosecutor, Luis Moreno-Ocampo of Argentina, charges that Bashir has "masterminded and implemented" a plan to destroy the people of Darfur. "´Al-Bashir organized the destitution, insecurity, and harassment of the survivors," he contends. "He did not need bullets. He used other weapons: rapes, hunger, and fear.´" As exhibited, Luis Moreno-Ocampo from the I.C.C has stood up in order to stop the injustices that Bashir has committed against the people of Darfur.
The Darfur-Sudan genocide and the Holocaust are just two of the many mass killings of certain groups of people that have taken place all over the world. The Holocaust was the persecution and extermination of Jews, Gypsies, handicapped people and homosexuals (Holocaust). The leader of the Holocaust and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (the Nazis) was Adolf Hitler (Holocaust). He rose to power in Germany in 1933 (Holocaust). Ghettos and concentration camps were set up to isolate all who the Nazis did not qualify as “pure” (Holocaust). The Holocaust took place between1939 to 1945 (“Introduction”). The Darfur-Sudan Genocide began in 2003 and is still going on today (“Darfur Genocide”). A militia of government-supported people called the Janjaweed has been killing and destroying villages of non-Arab people (“Darfur Genocide”). Al-Bashir general of the National Islamic Front has been leading the persecution (“Darfur: A History” 18). The Holocaust and the Darfur-Sudan genocide are similar in that both their countries and leaders had the same economic status and mind set, however they are different in how the United States and other countries’ were involved and the type of war that was going on during them.
The biggest war the world has ever seen was World War II. What was one factor that led to such a quick escalation? Genocide. Over 45 million people were murdered during this tragic time. The question is: was it the allies responsibility to intervene? The answer: No. The Global Community has no responsibility to intervene in states committing genocide.
Former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali once said, "We were not realizing that with just a machete, you can do a genocide." To be candid, nobody anticipated the Rwandan Genocide that occurred in 1994. The genocide in Rwanda was an infamous blood-red blur in modern history where almost a million innocent people were murdered in cold blood. Members of the Tutsi tribe were systematically hacked or beaten to death by members of the Interahamwe, a militia made up of Hutu tribe members. In just 100 days, from April 6, 1994 to mid-July, 20% of Rwanda's population was killed; about 10,000 people a day. Bodies literally were strewn over city streets. Genocide obviously violates almost all articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; however, the article I find most important is Article 3 - the right to life, liberty, and personal security. In just 100 days, one million people were denied the most basic privilege granted to every human – the right to live, simply because they were born to the wrong tribe.
...on people face a similar fate in Darfur….” says one website. They say that America made promises to prevent any more bloodshed in the country, but never held up that promise. “The Khartoum government has systematically obstructed access to Darfur and blocked international efforts to establish a relief program,” says the web page. Because of the lack of effort Darfur suffers from the worst humanitarian crisis in the world today. In all of these events the UN will take steps after to rectify the situation and prevent it in the future. There is little to no way to guarantee that these kinds of tragedies will never happen again, however the UN can make steps to improve the world’s response and overall international and national laws to prevent future case as best as possible. Which is why the UN continues to update policies to keep up with the ever changing times.
On August 14, 1992, a fratricidal war broke out on the resort beaches of Abkhazia, a small territory of the newly independent Republic of Georgia. A sixteen-month conflict ensued between Abkhaz forces aided by local civilians as well as fighters from other countries, primarily neighboring areas of the Russian Federation and on the side of Georgia central government of Georgia, National Guard, parliamentarians and volunteers. Intensive battles raged on land, air and sea. Several thousand were killed and many more wounded on the both sides.
Arguably the crisis began in 1988 when an armed insurgency, the Somali National Movement (SNM), attacked government garrisons in the north of the country. The SNM formed in the early 1980s and drew its support from the Isaaq clan. The government responded to the attack of 1988 with a brutal assault on the Isaaq clan, killing almost 50,000 people and forcing over half a million to flee to neighbouring states such as Ethiopia and Djibouti.
As of March of 2008, a total of 300,000 people have died in Darfur, Sudan due to genocide. That is equivalent to the entire population of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Genocide started back in February of 2003 in Darfur, Sudan. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines the liberties set for everyone in the World. Established in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights displays the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled to. The situation in Darfur, Sudan is known as Genocide, Genocide is defined as a systematic extermination or attempt at exterminating a national, political, racial or cultural group. The Darfur Genocide has violated Article #3, Article #5 and Article #9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Darfur Genocide violates article #3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article #5 has been violated by the Genocide in Darfur. Article #9 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been violated by the Darfur Genocide. Attacks in Darfur are mostly by a group called the Janjaweed which are an Arab based group supported by the Sudanese Government, to carry out attacks on people with different religious, economic and political views. The Darfur Genocide violates the rights of its citizens; steps should be enforced by United Nations and it allies.
Kofi Annan’s life experiences that influenced him to work for the UN started when he went to a Methodist Boarding school, he was taught that "suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere." He then went on to study at four different colleges and got a masters degree in International Relations. He got a job with the UN as a budget official, and slowly worked his way up. For 9 years, he was an assistant Secretary General for 3 different organizations. While doing so, the Rwandan Genocide took place, and Annan was highly criticized for the way he handled it. He took responsibility for his actions. This lead to him finally being voted in to be the new Secretary-General, where he stayed for 10 years.
Genocide is generally considered one of the worst crimes a government can commit against its citizens or those it controls. The major reason for this is what the world has learned from past experiences. Also, a subject of social science and scholarly study, genocide, in its legal definition, does not easily allow for empirical and historical research. For this reason, the definition of genocide for research is used cautiously in certain parts of the
The groups involved in the conflict in Darfur are the Sudanese government, Janjaweed, Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justices and Equality Movement (JEM). There are many factors resulting in the conflict in Darfur and reasons for each groups involvement, including economic, ethnic, environmental and religious factors. However, one of the significant causes would lie with the environmental degradation in Darfur. The SLA and JEM are rebel groups that represent the Black Africans in Darfur and are considered to be guerrilla groups – using military tactics that allow them to be quite mobile such as the hit-and-run tactic. There has been a long existing competition over the fertile soil between the Black Africans and the Arabs, who are represented
Hymowitz, Sarah, and Amelia Parker. "Lessons - The Genocide Teaching Project - Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law." American University Washington College of Law. American UniversityWashington College of Law Center for Human Rights and Humanitaian Law, 2011. Web. 9 Mar. 2011. .