ABSTRACT
One of the important areas in information technology is computer graphics. The use of computer graphics is very important because it can help users in daily work efficiently and properly (Yuwaldi, 2000). Among the most important in the field of computer graphics is geometric transformation. With the process of geometric transformation, an object can be manipulated (Yaglom, 2009). Examples of object manipulation in computer graphics are translation, rotation, reflection and scaling. An object can be manipulated in accordance with the requirements of users such as object rotation on normal images like JPEG and bitmap. Geometric transformation can also be performed on digital medical images. This study aims to produce techniques and algorithms that can be used to implement the transformation of objects such as rotation and reflection on medical images.
Keywords: Transformation, Rotation, Graphics, Object
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Computer graphic is one essential part of the information technology (IT) field. There are three key elements that support the computer graphics such as data base, graphics algorithm and programming language (Yuwaldi, 2000). The use of computer graphics is beneficial in terms of fast drawing, better designing of a product, no repetition of the drawing work and quickly and efficiently transformation for object manipulation operations. Examples of graphical object manipulation are the scaling, translation, rotation and reflection (Riza and Yuwaldi, 2002). Object manipulation in computer graphics is also known as geometric transformation.
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Geometric transformation is one element in the field of computer graphics. Objects can be manipulated over a...
... middle of paper ...
... but it can also be used for digital medical images (Fang et al, 2006). In this research, digital hip joint implant was successfully transformed according to user requirements. This implant should be suitably translated and rotated to obtain the optimum position on the X-ray images of patients. With the technical object geometric transformation in medical images, it helps surgeons and users making optimal decision in determining the size of the implant before the actual surgery begins.
8.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research project is conducted in collaboration with Dr. Yazid Abd Kassim and Dr. Hami Abd Hamzaini from the Department of Orthopedics, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM), Cheras. HUKM orthopedic department has provided medical image data (DICOM) to be used in this research. This research is funded by University Grant OUP-xxx-xxx.
The vision system integrated into the console provides viewing of the surgical field via a 3D image. It features a tiny telescope, which is placed inside an incision in the patient’s body. The telescope takes images from two points, which are relayed back to a console so the surgeon has a 3D image on-screen while he operates (Fig. 3).
Increasing number of arthroscopies being performed worldwide (1,000,000 per year), the total number of complications is significant. The percentage of complications after arthroscopy oscillates about 2%. The most common complications are: intraarticular damage, neurological injury, vascular injury etc. [1]
van Wijk, J.J., "Views on Visualization," Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.12, no.4, pp.421,432, July-Aug. 2006. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.uproxy.library.dc.uoit.ca/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1634309&isnumber=34266
Dubey, R.B., et al. “The Current CAD and PACS Technologies in Medical Imaging.” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 4.8 (2009): 1439-1456. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.
The advancement of technology has been evolving for over decades. The use of technology in the medical field is very beneficial to the healthcare workers. In the medical field technology is being used in a number of different ways to help improve patient safety. Evolving technology has a direct effect on the medical field. Technology is used in the medical field by barcode scanning, robots, and smart infusion pumps to ensure that nurses, surgeons, and even physicians are making fewer mistakes, and to help them be more accurate when performing a procedure on a patient.
Orthopedic surgeons are responsible for mending and operating on the musculoskeletal system. “Orthopedics is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, care, and treatment of patients with disorders of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, and skin” (Career in Orthopaedics). Depending on the damage the patient has sustained determines how the orthopedic surgeon is able to correct the patient’s injury. In many cases there are multiple ways of correcting the patient’s injury such as; using medical, physical, and rehabilitative techniques to using complex surgical methods. “Typically, as much as 50 percent of the orthopedic surgeon’s practice is devoted to no surgical or medical management of injuries or disease and 50 percent to surgical management” (Career in Orthopaedics). The majority of surgeons, including orthopedic surgeons, prefer to choose the least invasive procedures such as; arthroscopy which is a technological advancement allowing orthopedic surgeons to use special cameras in order to diagnose and treat a joint with minimal cutting and trauma to...
Every single program will be able to create a virtual diagram and outline of the concept being implemented on the printer. Then the program divides the concept into digital ...
Surgery is an important aspect of the medical field. They are performed by a team of medical experts led by medical doctors. However, in recent years, robots have been used in the hospitals to carry out some medical duties. These duties include medical checkups and surgeries. The article Robotic Surgery by Mount Carmel Health Care System, described the procedures as follows:
Early 1940s and 50s, john Whitney start the experiment of computer graphics, but early 60s when digital computer graphics come to promising stage. So as the animation didn’t just happen, but with the contribution of many people to see that they build in to the digital age of technology with the 3d animation (computer animation) by using moving image that consist of sketch of scene drawn on a paper that help them in developing techniques using technology for creating the animations, which is developed to what it is today.
Images of human anatomy have been around for more than 500 years now. From the sketches created by Leonardo da Vinci, to the modern day Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, images have played a great role in medicine. Evolution in medical imaging brought together people from various disciplines such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, a collaboration which has further contributed to healthcare as a whole. Modern day imaging improves medical workflows by facilitating a non-invasive insight into human body, accurate and timely diagnostics, and persistence of an analysis.
The field of medical robotics is a relatively new area. The first known documented utilization of robotics in the medical field occurred in the year 1985. A robot aided in placing a needle in the correct position for a biopsy of a patient's brain. Although there is still much to explore and discover in the area of medical robotics, the advances steadily increase at a fast pace. Historically, robots have often been first introduced to automate or ameliorate discrete processes, such as painting a car or placing test probes on electronic circuits, but their greatest economic influence has often come indirectly as essential enablers of computer-integration of entire production or accommodation processes.
The second way is by using computer aided drafting (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) programs on your computer.
As I have been using some of the graphics software program such as Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop CS6 their lots of innovation and creation to play around and I have used...
At the same time, according to these entered data, input – output variations can be observed via Surface Viwer. Here, there is possibility to compare relationship between two inputs and outputs in three dimensional graphs. Surface viewer is not the place to make arrangement. Only the results are observed in this part. The changes between first and fourth inputs and outputs were observed in the picture below.
Augmented reality (AR) is the virtual object which is combination of 3D real environment in the real time. It is more interactive either with graphics or audio enhancing from what we can sense such smell, hear, see or feel it. In other words, it is duplicate the environment around the world in computer. There are applications in various areas in augmented reality and one of them is medical visualization more domain for augmented reality. The topic that discussed is augmented reality application in computer aided surgery and medicine. In research article (Tobias Sielhorst, Marco Feuerstein & Nassir Navab, 2008) medical augmented reality takes it motivation from the need of visualizing medical data and the patient within the same physical space. The reason for chose this topic because it is because this application more advance and the technologies always bring new visualization and interaction using augmented reality in 3D in surgery performing requirements. So, discussing these topics actually need many evaluations to perceive the result to the area of surgery and medicine in medical performance.