Drosophila melanogaster
(commonly known as “Fruit Fly”)
Christopher Moody
Lab TA: Xeniya Rudolf
General Genetics Lab BIOL 2321L- Spring 2017
Section 03
Introduction: Drosophila melanogaster are great model organisms for the study of genetics. This is because there are approximately 16,000 genes observed in fruit flies and we observe much homology in the genomes of fruit flies and humans. For example, “75% of know human disease genes have a recognizable match in the genome of fruit flies” (Xeniya Rudolf, Lecture 8, slide 3). In Drosophila melanogaster, there are two phenotypes for eye color: red and white. A fruit fly exhibiting a red phenotype for eye color possess the normal, wild-type allele for eye color. A fruit fly that exhibits
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For Cross A, we crossed 5 red-eyed females (w+w+) with 5 white-eyed males (w). For Cross B, we crossed 5 white-eyed females (ww) with 4 red-eyed males (w+; only four males because one of our red-eyed males died). We began this experiment by obtaining four separate vials that contained the four fly genotypes that I mentioned above. We then took the vials of the respective crosses, gently tapped them on the desk to knock the flies to the bottom of the vials, took the stoppers out of the vials and put the open ends together. We had to tap the vials on the desk again to get all of the flies into one vial. We had to perform these procedures for both Cross A and B. After combining the flies into the proper vials, we labeled and turned in to our TA and allowed them to mate for a week.
Week 2: During week two, we had to remove our parental generation from our vials so as to prevent parents and offspring mating. Mating between the parental generation and offspring would result in gene mixing and skew the results of our crosses. To discard of the parental generation, we had to tap the vials on the desk, remove the cotton stopper, then empty the parental generation into a container of alcohol, otherwise known as the “fly
Variation in selection pressures on the goldenrod gall fly and the competitive interactions of its natural enemies
Test 4: All three phenotypic frequencies saw a reduction in their number as the homozygote fishes saw a reduction in their number and were not able to pass on their alleles to create either their colored fish or a heterozygote. Both yellow and blue allele frequencies decreased by the same
revealed that three of the fourteen samples were were homozygous while the other eleven were
In 1990, the first great stride of genetics took place. This was called the Human Genome Project, a large-scale operation that was designed to understand the human genome (genetic structure). Since its commencement, there have been many leaps and bounds that have taken place. For certain genetic issues that we once knew nothing about, we no...
Introduction: The purpose of this laboratory activity is to investigate the Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. According to the Hardy-Weinberg Law of equilibrium, allele frequencies should remain the same in large populations that do not experience gene flow, mutations, nonrandom mating, and natural or artificial selection. We will be studying the alleles that determine wing shape, either normal (wild type) wings or vestigial wings.
Examining the Crosses Between Drosophila Fruit Flies Introduction The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles.
Daly and Wilson also refer to the research done by a British geneticist named A.J. Bateman to strengthen their arguments for the idea of status competition. Bateman's research focused on lab experiments done on Drosophila or fruit flies. The experiments consisted of taking fruit flies with "distinct genetic markers" and placing them in jars. It was made sure that each jar contained an equal number o...
The objective of this experiment is to determine what genes are responsible for the white-eye color in two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, known as the common fruit fly. Drosophila is used as the experimental organism for many reasons which include its small size, easy maintenance, short 10 day generation time, and a fully sequenced genome. The characteristics of the wild type, which is the most common phenotype found in nature, include brick red eyes, long wings, gray/tan body, and smooth bristles. Of course, there are mutations that occur that cause specific traits to deviate from the wild-type phenotype. These traits include wing length, bristle shape, body color, and eye color.
In this experiment, Mendelain Models are observed. The purpose of the experiment is to understand how traits are passed from one generation to the other as well as understanding the difference between sex linked and autosomal genes. One particular trait that is observed in this experiment is when a fly is lacking wings, also known as an apterous mutation. In this experiment, we will determine whether this mutation is carried on an autosomal chromosome or on a sex chromosome. The data for this experiment will be determined statistically with the aid of a chi-square. If the trait is autosomal, then it will be able to be passed to the next generation on an autosomal chromosome, meaning that there should be an equal amount of male and
In my third year at Michigan State, I was enrolled in a class called Research in Biology. The goal of this course was to determine if there was a genetic marker to tell three different species of Rhagoletis flies apart due to their shared phenotypes and the infestation of apples, which became quarantined when one species was found in the orchards. If the other two species were found in the orchards, they would do no harm and the apples would be safe. Using their mitochondrial genomes, we ran gel electrophoresis and Nanodrop analysis and sent the DNA to Michigan State’s genomic core lab to be processed by Illumina. After getting the data back, our lab used a development node called Trimmomatic to eliminate adapter sequences, poor quality control bases, and ambiguous bases.
Conclusion for class di-hybrid cross: The p value 0.779 is in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis is therefore correct. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings in the flies is a mutation in the genes that is not linked meaning it is a product of independent assortment.
C. Weiss, Thomas . "Albinism Facts and Information." Disabled World. N.p., 13 Feb. 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. .
From here, we can see the differences in the target markets of 7-Eleven and the competitors. As mentioned above, 7-Eleven is focused on meeting the needs of convenience-oriented.
The freshly squeezed citrus juices of Lemon,lime and orange were analysed through titration over the period of 2 weeks. Initially the lime juice was found to be slightly more acidic than the other juices followed by lemon juice and then orange juice since it is known that usually lime is more acidic than lemon and orange. It was hypothesised that the acidity of each juice will increase or decrease after the period of two weeks depending upon the sugar content of that citrus fruit that the juice is extracted from. The acidity of the juice with the highest sugar level will gradually increase over the period of time since sugar contribute to the the fermentation of the citrus juice to lactic acid. The hypothesis was shown to be correct;however
number of crosses needed to delimit a species can be massive. So the time, effort and money needed to carry out such tests is prohibitive. Not only this but the experiment carried out are often inconclusive.