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Type of inheritance in fruit fly
Type of inheritance in fruit fly
Discussing the mendelian genetics of fruit flies
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Experiments performed by Gregor Mendel on garden plants and honeybees let to great success in studying theories of inheritance. Mendel crossed true-breeding tall and dwarf pea plants and obtained all tall hybrid plants, called the F1 generation. After crossing the hybrid plants he obtained tall and dwarf plants in the ratio 3:1, called the F2 generation. He then concluded that the factor for tallness, a dominant factor, masked the expression of the factor for dwarfism called the recessive factor. He also called this cross a monohybrid cross. Mendel called these factors genes and the dominant and recessive forms, alleles. Those that inherited two identical copies of the genes were called homozygous and those that inherited two different alleles …show more content…
In dominant mutations, the phenotypic effect is expressed in both heterozygotes and homozygotes while in recessive mutations the effect is only in homozygotes. Though most mutations are sex linked, many others are autosomal. The wingless condition is a mutation caused by a gene called apterous located on chromosome 2, which is a recessive gene and is only expressed in the homozygote fly. (Carolina Drosophila manual).
The fruit fly is a model system that is used to study genetics due its short life cycle, large number of offspring, easy culturing conditions and low cost. It produces a large sample size from which predictions can be determined about inheritance patterns. It has a simple chromosome organization, 3 pair of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosome. The four stages of the fruit fly life cycle are egg, larva, pupa and adult. The generation time of Drosophila melanogaster is 2 weeks: 8 days in the egg and larval stages, and 6 days in the pupal stage. The adult may live up to 8 weeks under optimal
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Observed is the count that was done for the F2 male phenotypes and expected is the numbers based on the expected ratio 3:1:3:1.
The number of classes (n) = 4 so the degree of freedom n-1 = 4-1=3. Chi square value is 13.40. Using a significance level of 0.05, the p value is 0.003847. The result is significant at p ˂ 0.05
Table 9.0 Chi Square analysis for F2 female fruit flies
Phenotypic class Observed Expected O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
Wild-Type 196 174 22 484 2.78
Wild-Type apterous 36 58 -22 484 8.34 Chi Square = 11.13
Table shows the chi square conducted to verify the hypothesis. Observed is the count that was done for the F2 female phenotypes and expected is the numbers based on the expected ratio 6:2.
The number of classes (n) = 2 so the degree of freedom n-1 = 2-1=1. Chi square value is 11.13. Using a significance level of 0.05, the p value is 0.000849. The result is significant at p ˂ 0.05
Table 10.0 Chi Square analysis for overall F2
Phenotypic class Observed Expected O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
Wild-Type 285 246 39 1521 6.18
Wild-Type apterous 62 82 -20 400 4.88
Yellow body 68 72 -4 16 0.22
Yellow body apterous 10 25 -15 225 9.00 Chi Square =
revealed that three of the fourteen samples were were homozygous while the other eleven were
It is really interesting to break down the separate classes and find their similar details and their different details. Obviously the differences are greater in number and some of them fairly extreme. But that is to be expected.
The purpose of the second experiment White vs. Wild was to see how many of the offspring were red eyed male, white eyed male, red eyed female, and white eyed female.
In order to calculate/conclude their hypothesis they had to run an experiment by finding children to participate in the study. They found eight children, among this group they had five males and three females participating. The children were observed from the age of six months old all the way to when
To distinguish between males and females, a microscope and magnifying glass was used to analyze several different factors. Body type was one characteristic looked at because while females consisted of a lot of body segments and a pointed abdomen, males have fewer segments with a black, rounded abdomen. The difference in body sizes were also a factor to separate between sexes. Females were comparably larger than males who also had sex combs on their legs. There were several other distinguishable markings used in order to separate the flies based on their sex. Once the flies were separated based on sex, the number of male to female were counted to make sure there was an equal ratio between the two. The F1 generation male and female groups were divided into groups to equally mate. The mating process began by acquiring empty vials, sponges to cover the vials, and labels to label each vial. The vials were labeled with the name of the individuals and the type of cross, either monohybrid or dihybrid cross. Once each vial was labeled, they were all filled with
The David Reimer experiment was set up to test if nature (biology) verse nurture (environment) determines the gender of a child. Dr. Money continued to monitor and study the twins. Brian was the perfectly controlled subject while Brenda was the variable. Dr. Money continued to monitor and record the development of the
19. Evaluate this statement; “The name a parent gives his or her child will have a significant effect on the child’s success. After all, the data show that certain names are associated with increased income.”
n hypothesis of the experiment is that the group containing four members will perform better than the group containing two members. This is the foundation from which we have conducted our experiment.
The objective of this experiment is to determine what genes are responsible for the white-eye color in two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, known as the common fruit fly. Drosophila is used as the experimental organism for many reasons which include its small size, easy maintenance, short 10 day generation time, and a fully sequenced genome. The characteristics of the wild type, which is the most common phenotype found in nature, include brick red eyes, long wings, gray/tan body, and smooth bristles. Of course, there are mutations that occur that cause specific traits to deviate from the wild-type phenotype. These traits include wing length, bristle shape, body color, and eye color.
Mendel’s law of segregation states that offspring receive only one of two alleles of a gene from the parent (Brooker et al. 2014). This means that utilizing a monohybrid cross where each parent has both a dominant allele of a gene and a recessive allele, that by producing offspring of these plants, a predictable outcome of trait inheritance should be observed (Brooker et al. 2014). This experiment investigated the inheritance of anthocyanin in Brassica rapa.
Conclusion for class mono-hybrid cross: The p value 0.222 was in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis was therefore correct. The colors of the eyes are sex linked due to the equality in the amount of phenotypes given to both male and female.
Confederate A was conducting with the four males given. While conducting the experiment 4/4 (100%) of the males participated and took interest within choosing occupations for Confederate A. Out of all occupations given being an athlete was repeated, but with different sports. Such as, 4/4 (100%) football, 2/4 (50%) basketball, and ¼ soccer. All males stated that Confederate A should pursue youtube creator, video game creator, police officer, gym teacher, and scientist. There was 2/4 (50%) subjects that stated occupations such as NASA worker and FBI/CIA. While as there were a few extra occupations stated including repair man ¾ (75%) and ¼ (25%) race car driver. The group proceeded to have all subjects come into one room in front of both Confederate A Experimenter 1 and tell occupations for either sex. The group had the believence that both sexs would witheild their opinions. At first, there were observations made by Experimenter 2 and 3 that made the subjects seem as if they would not answer honestly. While in time the subjects, both genders began to state different occupation that
They also look at Genetic Epidemiological Studies. These three studies deal with twins in relation to th...
In general, Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternative Hypothesis (H1) in Chi-Square test of Attributes is given as follows: