NOTES
Characteristics
Flatworms are parasitic unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms that lack a coelom but that do have three germ layers. Some forms are free living but many are parasitic. Flatworms have a cephalized nervous system that consists of head ganglion(brain), usually attached to longitudinal nerve cords that are interconnected across the body by transverse branches. Flatworms lack a respiratory or circulatory system, these functions take place by absorption through the body wall. Nonparasitic forms have a simple, incomplete gut, even this is lacking in many parasitic species. Most types of flatworms are called Parasitic tapeworms and flukes.
Examples of Animals in Phylum:
Tapeworms(parasitic)
Tapeworms, Class Cestoda, are creatures that live as mature organisms that live on a host. These hosts include cats, dogs, cows, whales, and humans. Human hosts usually occur when uncooked, infected meat is eaten, or by ingesting the eggs. Human infection with a common dog tapeworm is transmitted by infected fleas, and is most commonly seen in children.
Immature larval tapeworms may be found in various tissues throughout the body, where they may cause numerous symptoms. Clinical symptoms are usually diarrhea, nausea, and weakness. Also, the health of the person may be compromised. Tapeworms may also disable a person’s ability to absorb vitamin B12.
Flukes(parasitic)
Flukes, Class Trematoda, are mostly internal parasites of animals, particularly vertebrates. In fluke life cycles, eggs are shed into the intestine or bladder for quick exit into water. An egg hatches into a larva, which swims about until it finds a snail (clam in a few cases) of the correct species and then burrows into it. The larva then begins multiplying using the snail's resources. The final stage is a sac of free-swimming larvae, called cercaria, which then burrow out of the snail and go swimming after their next host. Almost every species of vertebrate animal has flukes that are adapted for life in its organs. ( blood flukes, lung flukes, bladder flukes, liver flukes, and often several kinds of intestinal flukes)
Planarians
Planarians, Class Turbellaria, a name that comes from the water currents stirred up by the ciliate surface of free-living flatworms. There are many kinds of turbellarians living in virtually all watery habitats. Planarians have a three-branched digestive system with many pockets, increasing the area for digestion and absorption of food. The digestive system fills the worm's body, so there is no need for a circulatory system to transport nutrients. During reproduction, planarians exchange sperm, and fertilization occurs internally.
The Meningeal Worm Infestation of up to 20 meningeal worms has been discovered in a single deer’s subdural cavity. The white tail deer are the preferred host, but they rarely ever suffer from any sick or neurological problems from this type of worm. We will see severe signs in llamas and alpacas; these are the two animals that can become infected with it frequently. The meningeal worm can cause damage to the central nervous system and could result in death, so it is important to try and catch it early and learn about how to prevent this deadly worm. Things that you should be familiar with about the meningeal worm are its life cycle, the signs in your animal, and any prevention or treatment options.
Schistosomiasis is a parasite. This parasite is a worm that you get through contaminated water. Urine and feces usually contaminate the water. The worm goes in to your body and migrates to the bladder, rectum, liver, lungs, spleen, intestines and some veins. After the worm migrates to these places this is where it matures and lays its eggs. The disease has the ability to lay two thousand to three thousand eggs per day and can live for twenty years. There are five different kind of Schistosomiasis that effect humans, these different kinds are; S. mansoni, S. Heamatobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. There are also other kinds of Schistosomiasis that occasionally infect humans, there are; S. bovis, S. mathei, and some avian schistosomes.
Merriam-Webster defines ‘parasite’ as ‘an organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host 's expense’.
Tapeworms are one of the most common parasites. These parasites hide within the intestinal track of its host and leech off of its nutrients. These parasites cause the infection taeniasis (Parasites – Taeniasis). Although this parasite causes little to no symptoms, they can also cause cysticercosis (Parasites – Taeniasis). This disease infects the muscles, brain, and t...
This disgusting worm parasite is spread by flies and mosquitoes. The adult worm spreads its larvae throughout the host’s lymphatic system and causes the lymph nodes to become clogged up. This also makes the tissue in the host’s body to swell up and create massive muscle deformations, otherwise known as elephantiasis. The elephantiasis mainly affects the legs and genitals. The disease also affects the eyes but that can be easily detected through close inspection but it commonly causes river blindness in the host. It’s been estimated that the parasite is one of the leading causes of blindness throughout the world.
Mao Dun, author of "Spring Silkworms", was a twentieth century Chinese novelist, critic, organizer, editor, and advocate for Chinese Communism. According to David Wang, Mao Dun was one of the most versatile Chinese literati among the May Fourth generation. Mao Dun was an advocate and practitioner of European naturalism. Motivated by history and politics, Mao Dun has introduced western literary ideas to China in his novels. As a left wing writer Mao Dun focuses on the peasant's point of view and relies on his depiction of reality to evoke change. A good example of this style of writing is the story "Spring Silkworms".
Santiago lived an extremely simple life, the life of a fisherman. Although sometimes he wished for some of the modern conveniences others had, he was able to do without them. Other fishermen had radios to pass the time while all Santiago had were his thoughts and sometimes the boy. The old man asked for the help of no one, for he did fine without the others. Santiago learned how to make due with the supplies that he had. On the boat while he is battling the mighty fish, he is able to deal with limited food and drink. He realizes he may be out at sea for a long time, so he rationalizes his supplies. Santiago copes with what he has. The sail on his boat is torn and tattered, consisting of countless rags stitched together.
...e lowest level accommodates for thieves, murderers, adulterers,, etc. The middle heaven is for good non-Mormons and Mormons who lacked total obedience to the LDS faith and commandments. The highest level is for devout Mormons, who go on to become gods of their own planets and universes.
In 1820, at age fourteen, Joseph Smith Jr. was confronted with a decision to join a church. Being a man of no formal education or religious organization, he went to a grove of trees to pray and ask God which church was the right one to join. Smith said God and Jesus appeared to him as “Two Personages, whose brightness and glory defy all description.” (Book of Mormon: Joseph Smith History Ch. 1 Verse 17) They told him that none of the churches had it right, and he should not join any of them.
...eside Him. (39) Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. Mormon doctrine also teaches that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are three different gods. Mormon doctrine also teaches that Mormonism is the only true way. They also say that the book of Mormon is the "most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion, and a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book" (History of the Church, 4:461). However, over grammatical 4000 errors were found in the Book of Mormon. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints call themselves a Christian Denomination but their beliefs contradict the bible which is the cornerstone of Christianity.There aren't any divisions within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It's hard to tell exactly how many Mormons there are because they are filed under Christianity but there are about 10 million members in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The center of the church is in Utah but the religion is spread worldwide with at least once church in 160 countries.
Santiago showed everything he knows about fishing to Manolin. Santiago had been with Manolin for years and he loves him. Manolin loves Santiago as well and looks at him as a father figure. Santiago did everything for Manolin. Santiago was a true hero. So why should anyone care about this, you may be thinking. Ernest Hemingway himself didn’t really care about courage, bravery, friendship, etc. He only cared about the actual act of doing those things. Not just doing it just once, but doing it constantly. Someone can be brave once and then never again. So then that means that person isn’t brave just because of that one act. To be considered something it has to be part of you and what makes up your personality and you as a person. Discipline is key to follow Ernest Hemingway’s “Code Hero”. Santiago demonstrates what a true person that is courageous, friendly, and can handle anything what comes their way. For doing so, and following Ernest Hemingway’s “Code Hero” it’ll make you into a better person. By reading The Old Man and the Sea you learned about “Code Hero” through the main character Santiago. He is an inspiration and is the perfect example on how a person should
and reaches up to three feet in length. It feeds off of insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans
In order for you to understand how Echinococcus works. You have to understand how it is transmitted into your system and begins infecting you. Echinococcus goes through several different steps on how it is developed and then transmitted to other hosts. The adult echinococcus tapeworm is about 5 mm long and lives in the small intestines of dogs and another canine species such as coyotes, wolves and foxes. The stage where a cyst begins usually occurs in intermediate hosts; typically sheep’s but they can also affect cattle’s, horses, camels, pigs and goats and many others. Tapeworm eggs are passed by the feces of infected dogs and then are digested by grazing sheep’s. These eggs then hatch into the embryos within the intestines, and then penetrate the intestines to be carried by the blood to major organs such as the liver and lungs. This larval stage of the parasite is called an oncosphere. The larval stage spreads by the bloodstream to target organs and other parts of the body, such as liver, lungs, ...
In Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea", one will find many examples in which the main character, Santiago, surpasses many hardships while being courageous, brave, and being a friend. Each of these: courage, bravery, and friendship, are qualities in a Hemingway code hero.
The cestodes, or better known as tapeworms are a class of parasitic flatworms, classified under phylum platyhelminthes. There are three major species of tapeworms: taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and diphyllobothriasis (fish tapeworm). All these species of tapeworms are acquired by humans in consumption of raw, undercooked or smoke contaminated meat or fish (John, 2006). Tapeworms are considered humanity’s largest intestinal inhabitant. They each have a scolex or head, that attaches to the intestinal wall. As long as the head remains attached to the intestinal mucosa, a new worm can grow from it. Tapeworms do not contain a digestive tract, so their nourishment comes from absorbing partially digested substances from the host. They are whitish in color, flat and ribbon like, with a covering that resembles a transparent skin like layer (Turkington,2007). It’s prevalent among underdeveloped countries where sanitation is poor and among people who regularly consume raw, unwashed or undercooked beef, pork or fish containing the cyst eggs of various tapeworms (John, 2006). But in the United States, laws governing feeding practices and inspection of domestic food animals have largely eliminated the problem of tapeworm, but an estimated 1,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year (askville, 2013). There are two specific parasites that I will be discussing. One being the adult tapeworm that inhabits the small intestine and cysticercosis which is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system, also called neurocysticercosis.