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The invention of flying
Bernoulli's principle
The invention of flying
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“He [Isaac Newton] sought out secluded areas, where he would sit for hours at a time, not so much to observe the natural world as to immerse himself in it”
Sir Isaac Newton was a man who would keep to himself. If not for that quality he may not have made the discoveries that he did. He would often sit in the garden for hours on end just thinking and formulating his ideas about the universe. In fact, that is the very place where the ideas of gravity and centrifugal force first came to him. He noticed an apple fall, and wondered why the apple fell to the earth but the moon didn’t. His discoveries about gravity led to his equation “E = G x M x m x d^2”, which means “the force of gravity is equal to the gravitational constant multiplied by the two masses involved divided by the square of the distance between them. This equation told scientists in NASA how to escape gravity and leave the earth to go to the moon.
“In other words, there appeared to be a trade-off between pressure and speed: The smaller the speed, the greater the pressure, or the greater the speed, the smaller the pressure”
This is a great discovery of Bernoulli. It seems to make sense when we apply it to blood vessels. Where the blood moves faster, the more it pushes forward, the less it pushes on the walls. A later more ingenious application for this idea is flying. The airplane was invented after Bernoulli but not due to him. The airplane and Bernoulli’s equation
“P + p x ½v^2 = CONSTANT”, were not connected until a Russian scientist by the name of Nikolai Zhukovsky made an excellent observation. He noticed that the tops of the wings of the plane were rounded. When he tested a plane in a wind tunnel, he noticed that the wings created two jet streams, an upper and a lower. The upper jet stream was narrower than the lower. Air is considered a fluid, so therefore the jet stream can be viewed as a river. According to Leonardo DA Vinci’s “Law of Continuity”, which says “A river of uniform depth will have a more rapid flow at the narrower section than at the wider”, the upper jet stream is faster than the lower. This is an amazing discovery on Zhukovsky; he had discovered how airplanes flew.
Furthermore, if we look at the distinguished Scientist Isaac Newton and his acclaimed laws of gravity we can understand some of the thinking tools he used. Mr. Newton’s imagination and inspiration was a key player during the scientific revolution era. “Legend has it that, at this time, Newton experienced his famous inspiration of gravity with the falling apple.” (Bio.org, 2017)
Carver, Raymond. "Cathedral." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1052-1062.
The project that we chose, measuring the velocity of different types of incidents involving blood splatter, falls under the category of Physics. Hence the use of the equation V = D / t. We tested an apple being dropped from a constant distance of 2.4m above the ground, this was used as a representation of a person falling from a high distance. We also tested a blood-like substance being dropped from a medicine dropper from a constant distance of 1.5m above the ground, this was used as a representation of a simple nose bleed. Velocity was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, an English natural philosopher. He is best known for his three laws of motion and law of universal gravitation, with regard to the formula F=GMm/R.
As chronic viral hepatitis has a high prevalence in patients with HIV, clinicians should assess the risk of development of hepatotoxicity in these patients whenever HAART is initiated.7
John Dalton was born on September 6 1766 at Eagelsfield, Cumbria in England.Although he was born in England, he spent most of his life in Manchester.He was born into a Quaker family and while his family had food, they were still poor. His father Joseph was a weaver and John recieved most of his early education from his father. At the age of 12, John opened a school in Eagelsfield where he was the master. He was often threatened by the older boys who wanted to fight him because he was smarter, but he managed to keep in control for 2 years.Due to a poor salary, John was forced to leave his school and work in the fields with his brother. In 1781 John and his brother moved to Kendall. There John, his cousin George, and his brother ran a school where they offered English,Latin,Greek,French and twenty one mathematics and science course. Their school had sixty pupils. After twelve years at Kendall John started doing lectures and answering questions for mens magazines. John found a mentor in John Gough,who was the blind son of a wealthy tradesman. John Gough taught Dalton languages,mathematics,and optics. In 1973 John moved to Manchester as a tutor at New College. He immediately joined the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and in the same year he published his first book: Meteorological Observations and Essays. In his book Dalton stated that gas exits and acts independantly and purely physically not chemically. After six years of tutoring, John resigned to conduct private research while still doing tutoring at 2 shillings a lesson. In 1802 John stated his law of partial pressures. When two elastic fluids are mixed together ( A and B) they dont repel each other. A particles do not repel B particles but a B particle will repel another B particle. One of his experiments involved the addition of water vapor to dry air. The increase in pressure was the same as the pressure of the added water. By doing this experiment, John established a relationship between vapor pressure and temperature. John’s interest in gases arose from his studies of meteorology. He had weather equipment that was with him at all times and he was constantly studying weather and atmosphere. He also kept a journal throughout his life in which he wrote over 200,000 observations. In 1803, John made his biggest contribution to science: The Atomic Theory.
The most striking aspect of Carver’s “Cathedral” is the fact that the story is written from the point of view of a man not initially involved in the set up of the story at all. The narrator relays to the reader stories he has learned from his wife about her past before relaying what is happening in the present. He tells her history as if he were speaking to himself in an interio...
In “Cathedral”, we see a trapped narrator undergo a small venture that has the possibility to make his life turn for the absolute better. Something as slight as a blind man coming over for dinner one night has the power to change the narrator’s entire perspective. This story is captivating and meaningful because it reminds us of the tiny experiences in our own lives that were monumental and moved us greatly despite how minuscule it may seem to the outside world. As we look back at our lives, we slowly come to the realization that our small experiences are in fact actually the biggest.
Caldwell, Tracey. "Raymond Carver's 'Cathedral'." Literary Contents in Short Stories (2006): 1-8. Literary Reference Center. Web. 5 Nov. 2010
When the resistance of a fluid increases, the flow will decrease. One example of this is gravy and milk. Gravy has a greater resistance than milk and will take longer to flow out of a pitcher. The same can be said about respiratory therapy equipment. An increase in viscosity will decrease the flow. When Jean Poiseuille was creating his experiments, he used the circulation of blood through the body to explain his findings. Respiratory therapists must understand Poiseuille’s law of flow because blood vessels in the lungs vary both in size and pressure. As the vessels move farther away from the heart, they reduce in size and increase in surface area. Capillaries in the lungs are extremely small, but have a vast amount of surface area they can cover.
Raymond Carver’s “The Cathedral” is a simple short story, which expresses to the reader that not all who are physically blind cannot truly see. There are many cases in this story where Robert, the blind man shows how the husband, who is also the narrator, a new way of appreciating life. The narrator is not only being superficial and ignorant, but not being able to see what is beyond the physical eye. Mr. Carver writes the story in the first person point of view, allowing the reader to see from the narrator perspective on life, and comes across as a self-absorb man, who has a negative attitude. We do not know if this ignorance is because he has a closed mind, or if he is in fact, a part of his personality, because he applies his logic of thinking
That force, he concluded, is the same force that causes an apple to fall to the ground--gravity. Newton's experimental research into the force of gravity resulted in his elegant mathematical statement that is known today as the Law of Universal Gravitation. According to Newton, every mass in the universe attracts every other mass. The attractive force between any two objects is directly proportional to the product of the two masses being measured and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them. If we let F represent this force, r the distance between the centers of the masses, and m1 and m2 the magnitude of the two masses, the relationship stated can be written symbolically as: is defined mathematically to mean "is proportional to.")
Daniel Bernoulli, a member of the Swiss family of mathematicians, studied the dynamics of fluid flow. He is honored today with a principle of fluid flow named after him: Bernoulli?s Principle. Bernouli?s principle shows that the average velocity of an ideal fluid is directly proportional to the pressure (A force over an area) it exerts upon a surface along that flow.
Newton came up with a theory about how the planets moved as they did, and perfected his theory using calculus. Using calculus, he shouted that gravity keeps the planets in their orbit around the sun. This affected society because they knew nothing about gravity before, and
Pascal's Principle or Pascal's Law applies to static fluids and takes advantage of the height dependency of pressure in static fluids. A French scientist called Blaise Pascal, who established this important relationship, Pascal's Principle can be used to exploit pressure of a static liquid as a measure of energy per unit volume to perform work in applications such as
This device was consequential to mechanical philosophy because it was an attempt by Boyle to explain the underlying nature of the vacuum. Boyle was attempting to understand and reproduce the results of a Torticillian vacuum. In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli found an empty space in a sealed glass tube above the mercury in his newly invented barometer. Philosophers across Europe tried to devise ways of establishing the properties of a ‘Tortecellian vacuum'. To investigate this new and conspicuously instrument-generated phenomenon of nature, however, it would have to be necessary to make a vacuum that was physically larger and more accessible than that inside a barometer. Mechanical philosophy pervaded every aspect of Boyle's work on the air pump, even his descriptions, which he elucidated in his 1660 work entitled New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects. In it he states: Your Lordship will easily suppose, that the notion I speak of is, that there is a spring, or elastical power in the air we live in. By which… spring of the air, that which I mean is this: that our air either consists of, or at least abounds with, parts of such nature, that in case they be bent, and as soon as those bodies are removed or reduced to give them way." Margaret C. Jacob, The Scientific Revolution: A Brief History with Documents (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010),