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Financial leverage and its effect
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Introduction To Financial Leverage This paper focuses on highlighting out the way financial leverage has been approached, both from classic and modern perspective. Literature on financial leverage is reviewed in order to get a deeper insight on the way theories, concepts and mentalities have evolved. From the classic neutral theory according to which the value of the company is independent from its capital structure till the modern one which permits the company to support its growth potential by resorting to external financial resources, leverage was considered to be a key-element of the corporate financial management, especially in the context of the corporate governance mechanisms implementation. The last section contains …show more content…
Trying to identify an optimal value of financial leverage that will boost the company's value, ultimately concluded that the two variables there is a relationship of independence. What is the total asset value of equity and debt counterparty is irrelevant to the enterprise value if the financial resources are external or internal. How they are combined in the capital structure does not influence in any way the value of the company. But this assumption was valid if the enterprise belonged to an environment of perfect competition. Structure of the Capital, the mixture of a firm's debt and equity, is important because it costs a company money to borrow. Capital structure matters because of the different tax implications of debt vs. equity and the impact of corporate taxes on a firm's profitability. Firms must be very prudent in their activities that include borrowing to avoid risk and the possibility of bankruptcy. A firm's debt to equity ratio also impacts the firm's borrowing costs and its value to shareholders. The debt-to-equity ratio is a measure of a company's financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its …show more content…
Considering as starting point the principle according to which we cannot control or improve but what we know, we can say that measuring the financial-economic performance is the first step in assuring a company’s efficiency, development and prosperity. The process of measuring a company’s performances must be seen as a dynamic, continuous process, which involves knowing the set goals/objectives and comparing them with the level of (own or external) achievements, in order to establish the extent to which the objectives have or have not been achieved. In this respect, performance is expressed through a set of parameters or complementary indicators, and/or sometimes contradictory, but which describe the processes through which various types of outputs/results are achieved. Hence, the instruments for measuring performance are vital signs which tell managers how well they do in relation to what they have in mind. The literature presents and develops a great deal of indicators for measuring the economic agents’ financial-economic performance, but selecting, out of these indicators the most exponent ones, is a subjective process which involves knowledge of the company’s specific activity and correlating these with each indicator’s content. Performance is an organization’s final test (Peter Drucker) and
Net working capital represents organization’s operating liquidity. In order to compute the net working capital, total current assets are divided from total current liabilities. When there is sufficient excess of current assets over current liabilities, an organization might be considered sufficiently liquid. Another ratio that helps in assessing the operating liquidity of as company is a current ratio. The ratio is calculated by dividing the total current assets over total current liabilities. When the current ratio is high, the organization has enough of current assets to pay for the liabilities. Yet, another mean of calculating the organization’s debt-paying ability is the debt ratio. To calculate the ratio, total liabilities are divided by total assets. The computation gives information on what proportion of organization’s assets is financed by a debt, and what is the entity’s ability to pay for current and long term liabilities. Lower debt ratio is better, because the low liabilities require low debt payments. To be able to lend money, an organization’s current ratio has to fall above a certain level, also the debt ratio cannot rise above a certain threshold. Otherwise, the entity will not be able to lend money or will have to pay high penalties. The following steps can be undertaken by a company to keep the debt ratio within normal
There are many ways to analyze the performance of a company, some more popular than others. According to the Barney text the accounting method is the most popular way of measuring a firm's performance (Barney, 2002). Some of the reasons for the popularity could include the fact that accounting measures of performance are publicly available on many firms and they communicate a great deal of information about a firm's operations. Other methods of performance analysis include firm survival and the multiple stakeholder approach.
The consistent high spending of capital equipment is the first reason why one would recommend reducing the debt to equity ratio. A company with higher levels of debt is less flexible in being able to adjust to new market demands and conditions that require the company to make new products or respond to competition. Looking at the pecking order of financing, issuing new shares to fund capital investing is the last resort and a company that has high levels of debt, must move to the equity side to avoid the risk of bankruptcy. Defaulting on loans occur when increased costs or bad economic conditions lead the firm to have lower net income than the payments on loans. The risk of defaulting on loans and the direct and indirect cost related to defaulting lead firms to prefer lower levels of debt. The financial distress caused by additional leverage can lead to lower cash flows available to all investors, lower than if the firm was financed by equity only. Additionally, the high debt ratio that Du Pont incurred also led to them dropping from a AAA bond rating to a AA bond Rating. Although the likelihood of not being able to acquire loans would be minimal, there are increased interest costs with having a lower bond rating. The lower bond rating signals to investors that the firm is more likely to default than if it had a higher (AAA) bond rating.
When comparing the debt-to-assets ratio of McDonalds and Wendys, you have to divide the firms total liabilities by their total assets. Essentially, the debt-to-assets ratio is the primary indicator of the firms debt management. As the ratio increases or decreases, it indicates the firms changing reliance on borrowed resources. The lower the ratio the more efficient the firm will be able to liquidate its assets if operations were discontinued, and debts needed to be collected. In 2005 Wendy's had $2,076,043 worth in total assets and $846,264 in total liabilities. When divided, Wendys has the lower ratio of the two competitors at 40%. This means that they would take losses of 40% if operations were shut down, and the cash received from valuable assets would still be sufficient to pay off the entire debt. It also means that 40% of Wendys assets are made through debt. McDonalds in 2005 had $12,545.3 (in millions) of total liabilities and $22,534.5 (in millions) of total assets. After doing the math, McDonalds ends up with a ratio of 56% which is higher than Wendys by sixteen percent. This means that there is more default on McDonalds liabilities, which can be a costly event from lenders perspective. McDonalds makes 56% of all its assets through debt. In reality, its not good to have a debt-to-assets ratio over 50%. Its also not good to have a debt-to-assets ratio that is too low because...
There is a wide range of financial performance measurement methods however there are two broad categories that are widely used as the baseline of measuring financial performance which are Investor returns and accounting returns. Investor returns simply implies that the financial performance of firms is solely dependable on the stakeholders returns, the better returns shareholders get the better the firm is doing. First studies to employ investor returns as a measure of financial performance were those of Markowitz(1927)and Vance (1975).However previous studies indicate this as a flawed approach because share price is only one element of investor returns, dividend income is ignored which is also one crucial element of investor returns therefore
Overall performance is always one of the most important indicators of economic activity and every financial report starts with results of annual performance. Performance is "The results of activities of an organization or investment over a given period of time. " (http://www.investorwords.com/3665/performance.html)
Modigliani & Miller applied their theories with two modules, one which doesn’t include the taxes and this is their first finding, and another one with taxes to make it more realistic. The First Proposition without taxes: In this part Modigliani & Miller stated that the firm’s value is not affected by the structure of the capital between Equity and Debt, They proved this by having an example of two firms that have got the same conditions in everything, same cash flow, same operational risks and same opportunity costs. One of the firm’s capital structure is all equity and the other firm’s capital structure is a mixture between equity and debt, since the form of financing (debt or equity) can neither change the firm’s net operating income nor its operating risk, the values of levered and unlevered firms will be the same. They have concluded that the value of the levered firm = the value of the unlevered firm, only if they have the same conditions, same risk levels, cash and opportunity cost.
Thesis: Businesses deem financing necessary when they are just beginning, expanding, or recovering; Debt financing and equity financing have many advantages and disadvantages but also change the entire accounting method that is to be considered while running the business. Debt financing has both advantages and disadvantages. Debt financing is a business’ way to start up, expand, or recover by borrowing money from a person or company. The money borrowed has to be paid back along with the interest that was accrued during the length of time the loan was carried out. This option is great for company’s that do not want investors.
Higher leverage is very likely to create value for a firm considering capital structure change by exerting financial discipline and more efficient corporate strategy changes.
In our business world, ‘Capital is the lifeblood of every business venture’ (Smith, 2012). Capital can build up company, purchases non – current assets for instance machinery or plant and paid off daily expenses for examples wages, lighting, power etc. Every company needs to have someone to manage the finance by thinking different types finance which are internal short term, internal long term, external short term and external long term financial resources. These are the main four ways which can raise the capital but those sources may relate to different repayment rate and length and the amount will be received. When the owner and manager thinking to apply internal or external financial resources they need to consider Purpose, Amount, Repayment, Interest and Security which is name as PARIS. Purpose is identifying what type of finance are suitable to required, amount is how much should be borrow, repayment is how much and when should the business pay the finance back. Interest is how much is the finance cost and security is the business need put down the business assets or personal household as a deposit before receive any finance. These are the main concepts owner and manager need to remember before apply any type of finance. (Cox and Fardon, 2009) Director and manager need to think effectively for rising capital in an effective way which includes lower repayment and the control of the company. (Gillespie, 2001)
Managers are encouraged to act more in the interest of shareholders and the amount of leverage in the capital structure affects firm profitability (Ebaid, 2009).
recent organizations now realizing the importance of measuring their performance, this typically translate the management quote that “measure it, manage it”; also they are realizing that, the measures of performance should be used for long term instead of the short term, and to consider non-financial aspects as organizational as the financial ones (Kaplan & Norton, 2000).
The capital structure of a firm is the way in which it decides to finance its operations from various funds, comprising debt, such as bonds and outstanding loans, and equity, including stock and retained earnings. In the long term, firms seek to find the optimal debt-equity ratio. This essay will explore the advantages and disadvantages of different capital structure mixes, and consider whether this has any relevance to firm value in theory and in reality.
There are also a few cons in accounting for these instruments are either debt of equity. "Excessive debt financing may impair your (the company's) credit rating and your ability to raise more money in the future (Financing Basics, 1). If a company has too much debt, it could be considered too risky and unsafe for a creditor to lend money. Also with excessive debt, a business could have problems with business downturns, credit shortages, or interest rate increases. "Conversely, too much equity financing can indicate that you are not making the most productive use of your capital; the capital is not being used advantageously as leverage for obtaining cash" (Financing Basics, 1). A low amount of equity shows that the owne...
In the past, the company performance was measured by asking ‘how much money the company makes?’ To a certain extent, they are right because gross revenue, profitability, return on capital, etc. are the results that companies must bring to survive. Unfortunately, in today business if the management focuses only on the financial health of the company, numerous unwanted consequences may arise.