Field of Dreams - The Innocence in History
[1] Baseball is America’s favorite pastime. When people hear the word "America," they think of apple pie, meat and potatoes, July 4th, and inevitably the everlasting love of this country, baseball. The credit is given to a man named Alexander J. Cartwright, who drew up a set of rules for a game played with a bat, a round ball, and a glove. Along with the rules came a sketching of a diamond-shaped field on which the game was to be played. The rules that Cartwright wrote up in 1845 may have very well changed somewhat, but the game of baseball has remained remarkably constant throughout history into today.
[2] Cartwright was a part of a baseball club team called the “New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club,” and his rules were for use of only this club. Soon after, other clubs started to become interested in these rules, and they adopted them into their own ball clubs and games. “It is evident that other teams were playing a good brand of ball, for in the first baseball game on record, played in Elysian Fields, Hoboken, N.J., on June 19, 1846, a team called the New Yorks, playing under Cartwright’s rules on a diamond of his specifications, defeated the Knickerbockers 23 to 1 in four innings” (Lieb1).
[3] Baseball then expanded itself and moved on to integrating young men of “means and social positions.” In the 1850’s, baseball had a tremendous power that engaged many people from the East Coast part of the country. It got artisans, tradesmen, and shipwrights to form teams and play against each other. These teams of working men played against other teams that were made up of socialites. Within these club teams, though, there was a lot of disagreement because the people who used to partake in these games were mainly from the New York and Massachusetts areas. There were many discrepancies between the New York rules and the Massachusetts rules. This then led to the founding of the National Association of Baseball Players on March 10, 1858.
[4] The new rules that the National Association of Baseball Players had installed then allowed the amateurs and others to play the game as well.
The rule, actually, brings out the pureness of the game. It lets the hitters concentrate on hitting and the pitchers on pitching.
"Over the decades, African American teams played 445-recorded games against white teams, winning sixty-one percent of them." (Conrads, pg.8) The Negro Leagues were an alternative baseball group for African American baseball player that were denied the right to play with the white baseball payers in the Major League Baseball Association. In 1920, the first African American League was formed, and that paved the way for numerous African American innovation and movements. Fences, and Jackie Robinson: The Biography, raises consciousness about the baseball players that have been overlooked, and the struggle they had to endure simply because of their color.
Baseball has been of the longest living sports in our world today. The game started with the idea of a stick and ball and now has become one of the most complex sports known in our society. Several rules and regulations have been added to help enhance the game for everyone. Although baseball has endured several issues during its history and development of the game the game has still been a success throughout the world.
These rules would form the basis for modern baseball. Cartwright called for a diamond-shaped field, foul lines, the 3 strike rule, and also abolishing the tagging of the runner by throwing the ball at them formally known as pegging, which was dangerous. Cartwright’s changes made the game faster paced and more challenging while clearly making it different from older games such as cricket. In 1845, a volunteer firefighter and bank clerk named Alexander Cartwright would end up being the founder of the New York Knickerbockers baseball club. In 1846, he had the first recorded game with the baseball club. Alexander Cartwright Jr., all in all, was the one that refined the rules of the game, founded the first baseball club, and had the first recorded game. The invention and evolution of baseball was largely impacted by its role in the civil
The first organized games of baseball dated back to 1845 (Stevens 3). Initially, players who partook in baseball were wealthy men. There was no winning either because the objective of the game was to simply exercise. Early on in the article, Stevens explained that the rules were kept to a minimal because players believed that the moral force would have governed the game
In the early 20th century, baseball became the first professional sport to earn nationwide attention in America. Because it was our first national professional team sport, because of its immense popularity, and because of its reputation as being synonymous with America, baseball has been written about more than any other sport, in both fiction and non-fiction alike. As baseball grew popular so did some of the sportswriters who wrote about the game in the daily newspaper. Collectively, the sportswriters of the early 20th century launched a written history of baseball that transformed the game into a “national symbol” of American culture, a “guardian” of America’s traditional values, and as a “gateway” to an idealized past. (Skolnik 3) No American sport has a history as long—or as romanticized—as that of the game referred to as our “national pastime.”
Shattuck, Debra (2011). “Women’s baseball in the 1860s: Reestablishing a historical memory.” Nine,19(2), 1-26. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nine/vo19 /19.2.shattuck.html
The game involved over many decades, if not centuries, and it’s roots are in fact just a mess of a ball and a bat brought over here by immigrants. We know for sure that baseball is somewhat related to English game. Also during this time period the nation was taking shape, there are many stories of young kids playing town ball. Other games like this one was being played on this side of the US, in northern america in the later 1700’s.
One would not insist that blind children must learn visually, in order to develop their sight. The implication of their blindness is obvious. Blind children have little to no vision and their education needs to be modified to accommodate this difference. So why are deaf children expected to learn aurally? Although American Sign Language (“ASL”) has been recognized as a true language since the 1960’s, the number of deaf children enrolled in schools with signing programs has been rapidly declining (Bollag, 2006). Instead, they have been increasingly educated through the oralism alongside their hearing peers in a ‘mainstream’ environment.
To say Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a brilliant and proficient poet would be an understatement. His creativity, imagination, and prose are beyond his time. His conversational poems contain elements of universality with a focus on nature and your place within the natural word. His poems of imagination on the other hand explore depths of creativity that are powerful and dream-like. For the purposes of this paper, I will argue that Coleridge’s conversational poems are superior to his poems of imagination. In order to explore this argument, I will analyze the importance of the poems. The two conversational poems I have selected are the following: “This Lime-Tree
My essay topic is the language development of deaf infants and children. In my opinion, this is an important topic to discuss, due to the lack of public knowledge concerning the deaf population. Through this essay, I wish to present how a child is diagnosed as having a hearing loss (including early warning signs), options that parents have for their children once diagnosed (specifically in relation to education of language), common speech teaching methods used today, typical language development for these children, and some emotional, social, and mental difficulties faced by the deaf child and the child’s family that have an immense effect on the child’s education.
Knoors, H., Meuleman, J., & Folmer, J. K. (2003). Parents' and Teachers' Evaluations of the Communicative Abilities of Deaf Children. American Annals of the Deaf, 148(4), 287-294. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_annals_of_the_deaf/v148/148.4knoors.html
According to Hutchison (2007), the pivotal moment in the early history of deaf education was the International Congress of the Education of the Deaf, which met in Milan in 1880. Prior to that time, sign language was widely used as the language of instruction in schools for the deaf around the world. At the Milan conference, leading educators passed several resolutions that effectively banned sign language from classrooms, stating the “incontestable superiority of speech over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society, which gives him a fuller knowledge of language” (Hutchison, 2007, p. 481) and declaring that “the oral method should be preferred to that of signs in the education and instruction of deaf-mutes” (Hutchison, 2007, p. 481). Not only did the resolutions disallow the use of the na...
Among most, if not all, cultures in the world there can be found a Deaf subculture. The Deaf community, while small, is widespread. Throughout this course we have talked at length about the many nuances of the American Deaf culture in particular, and how it is similar and sometimes very different from the hearing culture that most of us experience on a day-to-day basis. In the same way, American Deaf culture can be similar to, and different from other Deaf subcultures across the world. In this paper, I look to uncover the many resemblances and differences seen between American Deaf Culture and German Deaf Culture by analyzing three keystones of the Deaf world: cultural details, education, and sign language.
Today there is controversy in deaf culture as whether it is better to orally train a child or expose them to signing. In this paper, I will look at the quality of speech developed in deaf children, predictors of speech development, and language abilities of deaf children who are orally trained versus deaf children who are exposed to a fluent sign language.