Fiber Optics
Assignment
Many modern medical materials and equipment work on a principle which is beyond the capacity of human transducers.
Comment and discuss the working principles of an endoscope, uteroscope or a rectoscope showing the illuminating path, the image path, transmission path and the liquid transfer or operating instrument ducts, showing the position of suitable valves.
This will therefore explain how light travels through an optical fibre and show how such fibres are used in medicinal equipment either to transmit light or to bring back images from within a patient.
Contents
Fibre Optics
Fibre-Optic Bundles
Coherent and Incoherent Bundles
Transimission efficiency and resolution
Types of Fibres: Single mode or Multimode ?
Fibre Properties
Fibre-Optic Endoscopy
Introduction
The Fibre-Optic Endoscope
Some Applications for Fibre-Optic Endoscopy
References
Fibre Optics
A relatively new technology with vast potential importance, fibre optics, is the channelled transmission of light through hair-thin glass fibres.
The clear advantages of fibre optics are too often obscured by concerns that may have been valid during the pioneering days of fibre, but that have since been answered by technical advances.
Fibre is fragile
An optical fibre has greater tensile strength than copper or steel fibres of the same diameter. It is flexible, bends easily, and resists most corrosive elements that attack copper cable. Optical cables can withstand pulling forces of more than 150 pounds.
Fibre is hard to work with
This myth derives from the early days of fibre optic connectors. Early connectors where difficult to apply; they came with many small parts that could tax even the nimble fingered. They needed epoxy, curing, cleaving and polishing.
On top of that, the technologies of epoxy, curing, cleaving and polishing were still evolving.
Today, connectors have fewer parts, the procedures for termination are well understood, and the craftsperson is aided by polishing machines and curing ovens to make the job faster and easier.
Even better, epoxyless connectors eliminate the need for the messy and time- consuming application of epoxy. Polishing is an increasingly simple, straightforward process. Pre-terminated cable assemblies also speed installation and reduce a once (but no longer) labour-intensive process.
Fibre Optic Bundles
If light enters the end of a solid glass rod so that the light transmitted into the rod strikes the side of the rod at an angle O, exceeding the critical angle, then total internal reflection occurs. The light continues to be internally reflected back and forth in its passage along the rod, and it emerges from the other end with very little loss of intensity.
This is the principle in fibre optics of which long glass fibres of very small cross-sectional area transmit light from end to end, even when bent, without much loss of light through their side walls.
Many of the soldiers that comprised Reserve Police Battalion 101 were of random choosing; they were not picked due to their anti-Semitic sentiments nor for their prowess in previous battles. Browning argues that these ordinary men were not forced to become killers rather they had the option to speak out against these horrific actions and accept the consequences of that or to conform to the orders even if it was a violation of their moral standards. Browning argued that any man had the potential to become a killer if their values were at all compromised, if they were susceptible to peer pressure, if they did not want to seem cowardly in front of their comrades, or if they had a dislike towards Poles, Jews or Soviets which may have been instilled by Nazi propaganda or its ideological training. Through Browning’s research he found out that of the approximately 500 German soldiers that composed Reserve Police Battalion 101, only about ten to twenty percent (50 to 100 soldiers) of men totally abstained from killing altogether, which means at
“One may say that pilgrimages are just as much about the journey as they are about the destination.” (Higl) Pilgrimages are very important to religions around the world. They are important for people when they are working on a deeper faith, and these pilgrimages are to places of great importance. It is important to note that people do not only learn when they are at their destination, but also on the trip to those destinations. “The Canterbury Tales”, Chaucer’s unfinished work, was a group of stories about a group on pilgrimage, but the stories did not take place at the destination. These were stories told on the way to Canterbury. They were also very satiric stories. They showed great hypocrisy, and immorality. The stories seemed to have a purpose, and to be pointed towards specific audiences. These audiences would most likely have taken Chaucer’s work as a joke at first, but then quickly seen how the words cut sharply into the way that people lived during that time. Using Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”, you can analyze his use of satire to reach specific audiences, three of which include the church, the common man, and those married, or intended to be.
I was surprised that the soldiers of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 in Browning’s book were willing to shoot the amount of unarmed men, women, and children that they did without more men refusing to do so. Even though the Battalion Commander offered a way out by offering no personal consequences for not participating in the shooting, I would have thought the moral conscience of more men would have made them step out of the formation in order not to participate. Browning’s argument that these were ordinary men and that any ordinary man could have participated in murdering thousands of people in such personal way, showed me that the comradeship and unit cohesion of the men in Police Battalion 101 was stronger than the values of the individual
Christopher Browning is a well- known historian and also a writer. His best known books are books regarding the Holocaust during World War II. During the Holocaust the men in charge of the killings were by the Nazi regime, whose leader was Adolf Hitler. Studies show roughly about six million Jews were murdered around this time. These murders were painful and unmoral. In the beginning of the book Browning starts by quoting facts about the holocaust. He quotes, “In mid- March 1942 some 75 to 80 percent of all victims of the Holocaust were still alive, while 20 to 25 percent had perished. The following year the numbers were completely reversed. The majority of the murders of Jews were taken place in Poland. Christopher Browning questions how had the Germans organized and carried out the mass murder of Jews. He also questions how Germany found the resources allowing the Nazi regime to mobilize, considering that Germany in the Treaty of Versailles had to decrease their military. For him to answer this question it led him to investigate, and while investigating he came across a group of m...
Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen were born in the United States, and their works about German Reserve Police Battalion 101’s violence against the Jewish people were written in the 1990s. Goldhagen’s father was a Holocaust survivor, which undoubtedly had an impact on the development of his theories about German anti-Semitism. The historians have conflicting views of the extent to which the soldiers were willing to commit murder, and the role anti-Semitism had in the violence. However, both essays agree in essence that the men of the Battalion became cruel and unforgiving with their actions towards the Jewish people.
being reflected as well as the wooden poles sticking out of the water. It is quite
In September 1959 DiVita asked 2nd Lt. Richard Sturzebecher if he knew of a way to produce a strong glass fiber that would be capable of carrying a light signal. Sturzebecher had melted 3 triaxil glass systems together for his senior exam at Alfred University. In his exam, Sturzebecher had used SiO2, a glass powder produced by Corning. Whenever he had tried to look at the substance through a microscope he would end up with headache. Sturzebecher realized that these headaches came from the high amounts of white light produced from the microscopes light that was reflected through the eyepiece via the SiO2. SiO2 would be an ideal substance for transmitting strong light signals if it could be developed into a strong fibre.
Background: Refraction is opposite of reflection where it bends the light and does not "bounce" it off of something. When light changes directions it must go through one medium to another at a specific angle to be bent. This bending is called refraction. Refraction causes our brains to be tricked and see an object not in its true position. This is because of how the light is bending. Light travels through different materials at different speeds. For example through air light travels at approximetely 300,000 kilometers per second. The speed of how fast light travels depends on the denisity
The air in between the layers of glass should be thick and dense, so that it can save energy. One of the most common airs used in-between glass is argon. When argon is used heat loss is reduced. You could also use carbon dioxide or sulfur hexa-fluoride between glass.
...e amid these interfaces. The contraption will understand these waves as parallel lines alongside equal distances amid them, and cut density for the deeper lines, because the imitated waves come to be softly lesser in number. This aftermath in a stripped outline possessing alternating dark and clear lines at usual intervals [Figure 5].[6]
We have all at some point in our lives used or seen someone use a laser.
The index of refraction is defined as the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium. In this experiment, the index of refraction for the perspex is 1.50. Snell's Law relates the indices of refraction of the two media to the directions of propagation in terms of the angles to the normal. It refers to the relationship between the different angles of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another. When light passes from one transparent medium to another, it bends according to Snell's law which states: [IMAGE] where: n1 is the refractive index of the medium the light is leaving, n2 is the refractive index of the medium the light is entering, sin 2 is the is the incident angle between the light ray and the normal to the medium to medium interface, sin 1 is the refractive angle between the light ray and the normal to the medium to medium interface.
Electrical Engineers research, develop, design, and test electronic components, products, and systems for commercial, industrial, medical, military, and scientific applications (Cosgrove 749). They are concerned with devices that use small amounts of electricity that make up electronic components such as integrated circuits and microprocessors. By applying principles and techniques of electronic engineering they design, develop, and manufacture products such as computers, telephones, radios, and stereo systems (EGOE, 121). Electrical engineers touch everyone lives through the things they have designed or created. Electrical engineers have invented the lights in your house, the television, the stereo, the telephone, computers, and even your doctor’s blood pressure gauge (Stine 300).
Refraction is a process that occurs when light travels between media of different optical density. Light travels at a speed of roughly 3.0 × 108ms-1 in a vacuum. A vacuum has a refractive index n=1.00. The speed at which the light is travelling will decrease as it moves into differently optically
...smits the waves from one direction but as soon as it reflects it blocks them from the other. [1]