3. Materials and methods
Fenugreek seeds were purchased from local market of Hissar, Haryana. Seeds were cleaned to remove any extraneous material. Raw seeds were dried at 40±5 °C in a hot air oven to increase its keeping quality and stored in air tight containers at ambient temp.
Raw fenugreek seeds
Germination
Fenugreek seeds (20 g) were soaked overnight in water at the ratio of 1:5 (w/v). The excess water was drained and seeds were germinated (tied in a muslin cloth) at room temperature for 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. The germinated seeds were dried in an oven at 50 °C until the constant weight. The average length of sprouts was 1.1cm,1.7cm and 2.6cm which was germinated
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Ground sample were collected in air tight container separately for further analysis at room temperature. The prepared sample were extracted in absolute methanol and 80% methanol in orbital shaker for 4 hrs at 45°C. In extraction process 3 g of prepared sample were weigh in universal bottle and 75 ml solvent was added. After extraction process supernatant were collected for further analysis.
Determination of total phenolic content
The total phenolic content in extracts was measured by UV spectrophotometry based on a Colorimetric oxidation/reduction reaction. The oxidizing agent used was Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (AOCS,1990). To 0.2 ml of extract,7.5 ml water was added in a test tube and after that 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted 2 times with water) was added and, then, 1 ml of Na2CO3 (40 %) were added. The sample was incubated for 30 min at room temperature . For a control sample, 0.2 ml of distilled water was used. The absorbance of the resulting blue-colored solutions was measured at 760 nm. Quantitative measurements were performed, based on a standard calibration curve of gallic acid in water. The results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg/g of
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One g of material was ground and extracted with 0.2 N HCl by continuous shaking. To 0.2 ml of the filtrate, distilled water to make volume 1.4 ml was added. After that1ml of ferric ammonium sulphate solution (21.6 mg in 100 ml water) was added, mixed and placed in a boiling water bath for 20 min. The contents were cooled and 5 ml of isoamyl alcohol was added and mixed. To this, 0.1 ml ammonia solution was added, shaken thoroughly and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The alcoholic layer was separated and the colour intensity was read at 465 nm against amyl alcohol blank after 15 min. Sodium phytate standards were run along with the sample. The results were expressed as mg/100 g of
The technique used to narrow down the identity of unknown white compound were solubility test, pH test, flame test, and ion test. The first technique used to narrowed the properties of unknown white compound was using solubility test. To conduct solubility test, 0.25 gram of unknown white compound was dissolved in 100 mL of water. After carefully observing the change while string unknown white compound in water, the unknown white compound was soluble because it dissolved in water completely. Using bursen burner, matches and deionized water, flame test was conducted for unknown compound and it burned lilac color. Then compared the color of unknown white compound to other compound that were narrowed. The results of flame test for compounds that were narrowed down is shown in the following table. The pH test was conducted using litmus paper. 0.50 gram of unknown white compound was measured and dissolved in 10 mL of water in beaker. After dissolving, placed the litmus paper in solution and recorded the pH value of unknown compound which was neutral. Then compared the pH value of unknown white compound to compound that were narrow down. The pH result of the KCL, KNO3, NaCl, and K2SO4 is presented in the following table. The ion test was also conducted in order to make sure that the identity of unknown white compound was matched with the compound that were narrow down. After conducting the test, the result of unknown white compound which formed precipitate compared to KCl, KNO3,NaCl, and K2SO4. The results shown in the following
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
Every life has a story and that story should be told no matter how small, or unimportant, or irrelevant the world may see this story, it once had a life, a voice, and deserves a listener. Stories tend to start off small and grow into something much greater such as that of a Mustard Seed. Every day a life comes and goes but do we know about this life that passed away, because just maybe that life impacted history or a person. Why should anyone care about a person who was not famous? Thurgood Marshall, Shirley Chisholm, and Barack Obama, are all important lives that most of the world knows about. So who would care about the old woman who lived for 99 years? Life is about more than just importance
Anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones,secoiridoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, coumarins, and isoflavones form a large class of polyphenols, which are phenolic compounds. This study, however, focuses on one category of these phenolic compounds: phenolic acids. These particular compounds have been classified into two groups, namely hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids. The most common hydroxybenzoic acids are protocatechuic acid and gallic acid, while hydroxycinnamic acids include ferulic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and sinapic acid, (Nigdikar, Williams, Griffin, & Howard). Unlike hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids usually occur at very low levels in some black radish, red fruits, and onions, accounting for about 10 ppm on a fresh weight basis. Protocatechuic ac...
Seedfolks is a book about family. One day, a little Vietnamese girl named Kim plants some lima beans in a vacant lot in Cleveland to honor her father who was a farmer. A neighbor notices and decides to plant her own plants. Soon, more neighbors notice and do the same. Soon, the vacant lot turns into a community garden. The people of Cleveland have to avoid their differences and come together as a family to make it successful. The book Seedfolks implies that family is the true source of love because almost everybody in the book does something to express their love through the garden. The garden becomes somewhat like a family, and brings the community together.
The actual amount of crude product was determined to be 3.11 grams. The percent yield of the crude product was determined to be 67.75 %. The actual amount of pure product formed was found to be 4.38 grams. The percent yield of the pure product was determined to be 95.42%. Regarding the thin layer chromatography, the line from the solvent front is 8 centimeters.
Janick. J. (2011). Center for New Crops & Plant Products - Department of Horticulture and
“Al Condraj sat on the bench he had made and smelled the parsley garden and didn’t feel humiliated anymore. But nothing could stop him from hating the two men, even though he knew they hadn’t done anything they shouldn’t have done.” (The Parsley Garden, Junior Great Books, Series 6, pg.42)
Seed, a book by Lisa Heathfield, applies the idea that knowledge is power, but ignorance is bliss through the character development of Pearl, the deep descriptions of the settings and ambiguity of Pearl’s knowledge on certain scenes. Seed’s narrative quality explores that knowledge does not always make one influential, however, not acquiring knowledge means not feeling conflicted.
An Investigation Into the Inhibiting Effect of Tomato Juice on the Germination of Cress Seeds
People often look at others and judge them based on their appearance. It is something everyone does based on human nature, but nobody knows what that person 's story it. Maybe that lady is dressed in ratty clothes because she works two jobs to support her family. People base these judgments on race, sex, and economic class. I often feel misjudged by people and it is hard because people do not know my real story. On the exterior, I look like a middle class white male and that is what I am, but I am much more than that. Nobody would see me and know that I am a Latino and guess how I got to where I am today. Everybody has a different background and everybody has created their own personal history different from the rest of the
This experiment demonstrated the ability of agarose gel electrophoresis to separate the mixture of dyes into their individual components by the application of a combination of dyes to the same sample well. The experiment effectively demonstrated that the dyes where different in structure, energy, and composition. Most of the dyes where negatively charged at neutral pHs and only one with positive charge. The positive charge one moved an opposite direction compared to the other dyes.
Materials and Methods: An ion exchange chromatography column was obtained and set up for purification with the addition of 0.5 ml ion exchange matrix. 1 ml
This lesson is designed to review and reinforce a few important concepts about plants (e.g. Needs, parts, sequence of planting) and to also guide the students through applying a few scientific inquiry (e.g. Making observations, experimentation, discussion, reflection, reporting results etc.). The students have previously planted corn and bean seeds and today’s lesson has provided the students a chance to see the results of the planted corn and bean seeds. Additionally, seeds have been planted under and growing under the following conditions: without water, and without soil. The students see the results of these seeds planted under these conditions for the past week. Two plants in particular have already been grown their growth has been