The Feminist Analyses Theory states because society tends to put women in more subordinate positions to men, they do not have access to the same jobs and opportunities (Macionis. 2015). Men are more commonly in positions and jobs of power than women, and make more money, therefore leading to the Feminization of Poverty. In 2014, the poverty rate for women was nearly 15 %, 5% more than men at the time (Anon. 2015). In addition, over half of the children living in poverty were headed by single mothers. The Feminist Theory argues that due to the high rates of Female poverty, and women raising children on their own, they are more likely to turn to less violent crimes for money (Macionis. 2015). For example, in 2013 women made up 41% of fraud arrests,
The approach theorizes that society is constructed of all of the everyday interactions between individuals (Macionis. 2015). Therefore, what an individual constantly learns from others, how they communicate with people, and respond to everything around them, is what makes up society. When studying crime and why it occurs, Symbolic Interaction states that criminal or deviant behavior is typically learned from the people and events around them (Macionis. 2015). It is important to note that this theory is mostly applied to less severe and moderate crimes such as drug use, theft, burglary, etc. rather than extreme violent crimes, such as
2015). From the way a person talks, to how they view the world around them, this is all individually constructed, and therefore so is crime. Research has proved a strong relationship between whether a child has been abused, and their likeliness for criminal behavior at some point in their life. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, 15% of all Male inmates in prison experienced some form of abuse as a child, the number grows to an astounding 37% for women in the system (Prather, Walter and Jeannie A. Golden. 2009). This forms a strong case for criminals who experienced this type of abuse and their reasoning for turning to crime (Prather, Walter and Jeannie A. Golden. 2009). Using the Interaction theory, for many of these individual’s extreme abuse was one of the first things experienced in life. They learned it from their parents or other family members, or maybe other children and teachers at school. From verbal to physical abuse, this type of interaction went on to form and become an essential part of their identity and reality. Abuse which was transformed to violence and deviancy whether to earn a living or let out rage upon another person resulting in a heinous
Social learning theory was first developed by Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L Akers in 1966 (Social Learning theory, 2016). In 1973, Akers wrote a book entitled Deviant Behaviour: A Social Learning Approach, which discussed Aker’s conception of the social learning theory. He developed social learning theory by extending Sutherland’s theory of differential association (Cochran & Sellers, 2017). Social learning theory is based on the principles of Pavlov’s operant and classical conditioning. Akers believes that crime is like any other social behavior because it is learned through social interaction (Social Learning theory, 2016). Social learning theory states that the probability of an individual committing a crime or engaging in criminal behaviour is increased when they differentially associate with others who commit criminal behavior (Cochran & Sellers, 2017). Social learning theory is classified as a general theory of crime, and has been used to explain many types of criminal behaviour (Social Learning theory, 2016). Furthermore, social learning theory is one of the most tested contemporary theories of crime. There are four fundamental components of social learning theory; differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement and imitation (Social Learning theory,
Adolescents who are physically abused are likely to question the intentions or others as well as develop bias perceptions of social processes. A study showed that "Inmates who were child victims were more than twice as likely as inmates who were adult victims to report having suffered prior instances of physical or sexual abuse. The differences were particularly striking with respect to sexual abuse. While an estimated 22% of child victimizers reported having been sexually abused, less than 6% of adult victimizers reported such backgrounds” (Ards et al, 2001). Not only are victims of sexual abuse more likely to enact sexual violence against others they are also likely to engage in prostitution.
Feminist criminology is the study of crime in terms of gender for example why men commit more crime than women, why women do more petty crimes, like shop lifting, than violent crime, sexism in the court system, and female victimization. Feminist criminology contains many branches. Liberal, radical, Marxist, and socialist feminism are widely recognized, although other "strands" exist such as postmodernism and ecofeminism. Most feminist criminology involves critiques about how women offenders have been ignored, distorted, or stereotyped within traditional criminology, but there is no shortage of separate theories and modifications of existing theories.
When it comes to criminal justice most of the crimes that are committed consists of killing and robbing. Killing and robing are crimes that are caused by lack of social bonding or lack of self-control. When we think about these theories they are telling us that it is always good for people to have social bonding in their life because strong social bonding invents self-control inside of a person’s mind. This helps us understand why a person was killed or why a person was robbed and these are the main things we seek in the career field of criminal justice.
Being a feminist today has altered from a political position to a more general position. Contemporary feminist is shaped by the past, but now is integrated in popular culture by popular figures. The definition of feminism is the belief of social, political, and economic rights, especially with regards of equality of the sexes. There are many dimensions to being a feminist and we have a tremendous number of people supporting the feminist movement. The need for feminist movements is because gender inequality still exist. Gender inequality is very broad and complex topic. Both men and women are unequal in various ways. However, the big question is why? The purpose of this paper is to understand gender inequality in the sociological framework of
Poverty can be defined in many different ways. It is described as the state of being extremely poor. It is hunger, lack of shelter, lack of resources, decline in mental and physical health, not having a job, lack of power and representation. It is living one day at a time and fear of looking towards the future. Poverty is a significant threat to women’s equality. More women live in poverty than men, and women’s experience of poverty can be harsher, and more prolonged. Women are often left to bear more burden of poverty which results in the “feminization of poverty”. The goal of this paper is to identify key aspects of alleviating poverty specifically for women, by means of government assistance programs.
Annotated Bibliography: In this article, the author discusses how it is more likely that when a person is an abused when young, can cause deviance to emerge when older, leading to criminality. The author also concludes that a person that was sexually abused when young were more likely to do sex crimes. Their research also founds that persons that were sexually abused when young, were more likely to be arrested for prostitution.
High crime rates are an ongoing issue through the United States, however the motivation and the cause of crime has yet to be entirely identified. Ronald Akers would say that criminality is a behavior that is learned based on what an individual sees and observes others doing. When an individual commits a crime, he or she is acting on impulse based on actions that they have seen others engage in. Initially during childhood, individuals learn actions and behavior by watching and listening to others, and out of impulse they mimic the behavior that is observed. Theorist Ronald Akers extended Sutherland’s differential association theory with a modern viewpoint known as the social learning theory. The social learning theory states that individuals commit crime through their association with or exposure to others. According to Akers, people learn how to be offenders based on their observations around them and their association with peers. Theorist Akers states that for one, “people can become involved in crime through imitation—that is by modeling criminal conduct. Second, and most significant, Akers contended that definition and imitation are most instrumental in determining initial forays into crime” (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball 2011:57). Although Akers’ theory has been linked to juvenile delinquency in the past, it has also been tested as a possible cause of crime overall. Individuals learn from observation that criminal behavior is justifiable in certain circumstances. In connection with juvenile delinquency and crime, peers and intimate groups have the most effect on individuals when associated with criminal behavior. One is more likely to mimic the behavior of someone who they have close ties with, whether the behavior is justifiable or...
Women make up 70% of the world’s 1.5 billion people living in absolute poverty, basically earning less than $2 USD a day. Women perform 66% of the world’s work, produce 50% of the food, but earn 10% of the income and own 1% of the property. (Unicef , “Gender Equality—The Big Picture,” 2007). There are 876 million illiterate adults and from that 2/3 of them are women (AIC Training Booklet “Women & Poverty” 2007). In the United States, the poverty rate is higher for women, 13.8% of females are poor compared to 11.1 % of men (US Census Bureau, 2007). Women today face many hardships and suffer throughout the world because of poverty and the multiple factors that contribute to it. The “Feminization of Poverty” is a multifaceted problem that does not only have a huge impact on women, but to their children and the society as a whole. This term describes a phenomenon in which women represent unequal percentages of the world’s poor. The UNIFEM describes it as “ the burden of poverty borne by women, especially in developing countries” (“Economic Empowerment, FIND YEAR). To me this definition explains how hard my single mother had to work for a job supporting my brothers and I. This concept is not only a result of low income, but it is also because of the disadvantages of opportunities and gender bias in society (Brady and Krall, 2008). The levels and conditions of poverty in situations affect the choices that a woman must make. These choices include healthy living and the quality of life that influences how a person enjoys being free. Women’s increase in the portion of poverty is related to the high rates of single mother households. All of these factors influence how the term feminization of poverty is controversial and has been defined i...
Feminism is a perspective that views gender as one of the most important bases of the structure and organization of the social world. Feminists argue that in most known societies this structure has granted women lower status and value, more limited access to valuable resources, and less autonomy and opportunity to make choices over their lives than it has granted men. (Sapiro 441)
Though it happen frequently, many believed that child abusers are usually mentally disordered people. Less than one tenth of the abusers are reported to be mentally ill, in most cases the abusers are normal human beings. Their personalities tend to be a bit immature, which leads to physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Child abuse tends to spring up from a composite blend of personal, cultural and social factors. That cause’s child abuse can be grouped as intergenerational transmission of violent behavior, social and communal stress, social isolation, and family structure. Intergenerational transmission of aggression and violent behavior often children tend to inherit as well as learn aggression and violence from their parents. Social and communal stress the risk of child abuse within a family increases due to social stress, which may result from a variety of factors. Social isolation the abusers, parents or caretakers, in most cases are found to be socially isolated. These aggressors mostly tend to be the victims of seclusion having little contact with the outside world. Family Structure some families are more prone to the danger of child abuse and neglect, compared to others. For instance, a single- parent family faces more problems, economically as well as socially, resulting in greater stress, and thereby gets exposed to the increased risk of child abuse (Daly,
When one hears poverty they think of having no money or a house and being on the streets like a homeless person. That is in fact true but, poverty is more than that it is more widespread across income levels. Not just those at the absolute bottom of income earned and wages. 12% of Americans are unable to meet their basic needs 20% being 18 years or younger (mit.edu). Poverty does not just affect people on the individual level it also can have effects on communities as a whole.
Many people are uneducated on the social issue of poverty. They think that poverty just comes from individuals being lazy and not working. Indeed some poverty does rise from laziness but in most cases these people are fighting everyday to escape from poverty. Poverty has a way of invading people's lives and sometimes never leaving. The struggle of moving up on the social ladder is nearly impossible to most people. Poverty is a social problem, it affects different individuals, and there are public assistance programs to help fight the issue.
Several contributing factors can be viewed as reasons for crime. Depending on the circumstances, it can sometimes be very difficult to resist the temptation to commit a crime. It is even harder when you are coming from a place where crime is considered to be a normal part of society and looked at as a way of daily living that is supposed to be incorporated into daily lifestyles, hence the city we are not too far from: Fresno. In fact, by having a city or group of cities nearby where violence, crime, and gangs are abundant, it has given me an incentive to dig deeper into this issue. Now the question can be posed: What is the significance of crime in areas where poverty is present? True, this is not an easy question to answer considering that crime happens for many different reasons and sometimes location is not the problem. The origin of crime date back to the beginning of man, and the thing is it will never be stopped, as it is almost a part of human nature nowadays. But for now, we must study how crime and poverty are linked to one another, and what other contributing factors influence the effect of crime where poverty is relevant.
The effects of child abuse among individuals have been studied to see how child abuse would have affected their lifestyle. These people who were studied did not come from the middle or high class life style. Person for the prison environment and mental health patient behavior patterns was considered because such characteristics could come from child abuse. These persons exhibit serious behavior patterns which could be an effect of child abuse. (e.g. poverty, parental substance abuse, and domestic violence).Notably, the nature and extent of ch...