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Moral subjectivism and cultural relativism
Moral subjectivism and cultural relativism
The case against moral relativism
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Known as a practice that began to gain momentum over two thousand years ago, female genital mutilation is a controversial procedure that is regarded by some as a right of passage and an essentiality to one’s culture; however, others have designated female genital mutilation as a practice that violates one’s basic human rights, has no medical benefits, and causes reproductive complications that can be detrimental the livelihood of the mother and child (“Female Genital Mutilation”). In many cultures, Female Genital Mutilation serves as a way to ensure that a woman’s virginity is kept until she is married (“Historical and Cultural”). In modern times, female genital mutilation has emerged as a conflict of morality. In this paper I will be presenting …show more content…
When it comes to the practice of female genital mutilation, the cultural relativist would argue that we are in no position to make a universal moral judgement because we are not in a position where we understand, tolerate, and respect the culture. Cultural relativism also argues that we should not form universal moral judgements; therefore, the cultural relativist would dismiss the argument about female genital mutilation and conclude that the practice is only morally correct and understandable within the cultures that practice it. This argument is internally inconsistent because it consists of a universal moral judgement that saus universal moral judgements should not be made. Moral absolutism, as mentioned earlier, embraces universal moral judgements. In this case, a moral absolutist would form a universal moral judgement on female genital mutilation. As a moral absolutist, I would like to form a universal moral judgement on female genital mutilation and conclude that it is morally wrong. It is arguable that we do, in fact, live in the same moral world, which gives me the right to criticize the practice of female genital mutilation. It is also commendable to say that we live in the same moral world because, …show more content…
Following the perspective of the moral absolutist, I would like to reject a number of premises outlined by the cultural relativist. First, I would like to reject cultural relativism’s conclusion that it promotes tolerance and respect. I would first like to reject this conclusion by rejecting one of the premises, which states that ethical relativism encourages tolerance and respect because it prevents bigotry, racism, and ethnocentrism. I am rejecting this premise because it contradicts itself by stating that cultural relativism encourages tolerance and respect. Since a disagreeing nature is cultivated by human’s perspective of good and evil, it is conclusive that this nature influences the growth bigotry, racism, and ethnocentrism. Therefore, one cannot form judgements in the presence of bigotry, racism, and ethnocentrism. Cultural relativism also maintains the idea that people of different cultures are not in a place where they understand the practices of another culture. Since ethical relativism reaches this conclusion, it is arguable to say that this premise contradicts the idea behind ethical relativism because one must be able to understand a culture in
Cultural Relativism is a moral theory which states that due to the vastly differing cultural norms held by people across the globe, morality cannot be judged objectively, and must instead be judged subjectively through the lense of an individuals own cultural norms. Because it is obvious that there are many different beliefs that are held by people around the world, cultural relativism can easily be seen as answer to the question of how to accurately and fairly judge the cultural morality of others, by not doing so at all. However Cultural Relativism is a lazy way to avoid the difficult task of evaluating one’s own values and weighing them against the values of other cultures. Many Cultural Relativist might abstain from making moral judgments about other cultures based on an assumed lack of understanding of other cultures, but I would argue that they do no favors to the cultures of others by assuming them to be so firmly ‘other’ that they would be unable to comprehend their moral decisions. Cultural Relativism as a moral theory fails to allow for critical thoughts on the nature of morality and encourages the stagnation
It examines questions about cultural practices and why some/all people accept them and whom that might be benefitting or harming (ibid). In other words, it examines the behaviors, consequences, social factors, and above all the power structures in play. In Althaus’ article, she postulates that one reason that female circumcision is used is to increase the sexual pleasure of men (Althaus, 131). Here we can see the strong presence of a patriarchal society. Recall the purpose here is not to actually criticize this practice but rather seek the underlying interests or motivations of implementing it. The strong presence of a patriarchy indicates that women in a way are indeed used as means to serve the interests of men both sexually and also by providing a child. This brings about the winners (men) and the oppressed
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has had different definitions in the ‘Scientific World’ and the world of those who embrace the act. According to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO), Female Genital Mutilation is the act of removing the external parts of the female genitalia, partially or totally for non-medical reasons (WHO) whereas the practitioners see it as the cutting of “extra skin tags” of the female’s reproductive organ. Various reasons have been put forward to support it, ranging from social, cultural and religious reasons, mainly in the so called Islamic communities. FGM is a violation of the rights of the girl child, causes health implications and drastically disempowers the sexuality of women.
Moral relativism maintains that objective moral truth does not exist, and there need not be any contradiction in saying a single action is both moral and immoral depending on the relative vantage point of the judge. Moral relativism, by denying the existence of any absolute moral truths, both allows for differing moral opinions to exist and withholds assent to any moral position even if universally or nearly universally shared. Strictly speaking, moral relativism and only evaluates an action’s moral worth in the context of a particular group or perspective. The basic logical formulation for the moral relativist position states that different societies have empirically different moral codes that govern each respective society, and because there does not exist an objective moral standard of judgment, no society’s moral code possesses any special status or maintains any moral superiority over any other society’s moral code. The moral relativist concludes that cultures cannot evaluate or criticize other cultural perspectives in the absence of any objective standard of morality, essentially leveling all moral systems and limiting their scope to within a given society.
Cultural relativism is a theory, which entails what a culture, believes is what is correct for that particular culture, each culture has different views on moral issues. For example, abortion is permissible by American culture and is tolerated by the majority of the culture. While, Catholic culture is against abortion, and is not tolerated by those who belong to the culture. Cultural relativism is a theory a lot of individuals obey when it comes to making moral decisions. What their culture believes is instilled over generations, and frequently has an enormous influence since their families with those cultural beliefs have raised them. With these beliefs, certain cultures have different answers for different moral dilemmas and at times, it is difficult to decide on a specific moral issue because the individual may belong to multiple
Rouzi, A. (2013), Facts and controversies on female genital mutilation and Islam. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 18, 10-14.
The practices of many cultures are varied from one another, considering we live in a diverse environment. For example, some cultures may be viewed as similar in comparison while others may have significant differences. The concept of Cultural Relativism can be best viewed as our ideas, morals, and decisions being dependent on the individual itself and how we have been culturally influenced. This leads to many conflict in where it prompts us to believe there is no objectivity when it comes to morality. Some questions pertaining to Cultural Relativism may consists of, “Are there universal truths of morality?” “Can we judge
For example: So euthanasia is right for person A if he approves of it, but wrong for person B if she disapproves of it, and the same would go for cultures with similarly diverging views on the subject (13). Cultural relativism seems to many to be a much more plausible doctrine. To many people this is true; supported as it is by a convincing argument and the common conviction that is admirably consistent with social tolerance and understanding in a pluralistic world (Vaughn 15). However, cultural relativism is not the most satisfactory moral theory. ‘“Cultural relativism implies that another common place of moral life illusion moral disagreement, and such inconsistencies hint that there may be something amiss with relativism. It seems it conflicts violently with common sense realities of the moral life. The doctrine implies that each person is morally infallible”’ (Vaughn 14). Rachels states that, “cultural relativism would not only forbid us from criticizing the codes of other societies; it would stop us from criticizing our own” (Rachels 700). However, there are some reasons one may accept relativism and it is because it is a comforting position. It relieves individuals of the burden of serious critical reasoning about morality, and it
There has been many issues between incompatible cultures regarding what one culture values and believes. As a result of these differences there has been conflicts such as abortion, same sex marriage, gun rights, and many more. People have taken stances choose their position within these conflicts based on what they believe in and their own cultures. Hence the disputes and even fighting between the people of one stance to people of the opposing and divisions within a community. Countless individuals have introduced numerous ways to solve these conflicts, one in particular called Cultural Relativism has been one specific solution that has been taken into consideration.
Imagine the power of this! Being either a young girl or a woman is forcefully bound against your will while elders perform a procedure called Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). The young girls and women who are forced to have this procedure done not only lose their rights to sexual pleasure but their rights are sliced, chopped, punctured, and finally burnt away. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), otherwise known as Female Genital Circumcision (FGC), is also a controversial topic in Western societies. This paper will examine the history of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), hegemonic perspective on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), health consequences of having this procedure done, how Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) affects women’s sexual function, and women who have had genital reconstruction done on their vagina.
In explaining Cultural Relativism, it is useful to compare and contrast it with Ethical Relativism. Cultural Relativism is a theory about morality focused on the concept that matters of custom and ethics are not universal in nature but rather are culture specific. Each culture evolves its own unique moral code, separate and apart from any other. Ethical Relativism is also a theory of morality with a view of ethics similarly engaged in understanding how morality comes to be culturally defined. However, the formulation is quite different in that from a wide range of human habits, individual opinions drive the culture toward distinguishing normal “good” habits from abnormal “bad” habits. The takeaway is that both theories share the guiding principle that morality is bounded by culture or society.
Ethical relativist concludes there are no absolute universal moral principles binding for all cultures or people at all times (
In this paper I will argue that cultural relativism is a weak argument. Cultural relativism is the theory that all ethical and moral claims are relative to culture and custom (Rachels, 56). Pertaining to that definition, I will present the idea that cultural relativism is flawed in the sense that it states that there is no universal standard of moral and ethical values. First, I will suggest that cultural relativism underestimates similarities between cultures. Second, I will use the overestimating differences perspective to explain the importance of understanding context, intention and purpose behind an act. Finally, referring to James Rachels’ “The Challenge of Cultural Relativism” I will solidify my argument further using his theory that
Moral practices are different in many cultures. There are cultural practices that you would expect to be immoral all over the world, but it is not. For example, I do not understand how anyone would feel it is normal to eat love ones who have died. In some cultures, this is normal behavior. It is normal for others to burn the dead. In my culture, we bury the dead. Because I feel it is inhuman for someone to eat their loves after they have died does not give me the right to tell them they are wrong and I am right. This is the means behind ethical relativism. T...
Many theories attempt to explain ethical standards and how certain cultures perceive these standards or practices. When explaining certain ethical standards Cultural Relativism is an failed illogical theory for many reasons. Cultural Relativism is a theory that attempts to explain an idea that no culture is superior to any other culture and that all people’s perspectives are biased by their own cultural background. Generally, it is the opinion that all cultures are of equal value and equality to each other, therefore, there is no one culture is inferior to any other.