In this paper, the researchers are interested in expanding the understanding of executive function. This is the process that is used to guide goal oriented behavior. It includes the ability to prioritize behavior, to resist information that is irrelevant to the situation, and to switch between different goals. Like many other concepts in psychology, executive function has many different dimensions and there are many differing viewpoint about its basic structure. Because executive function involves an individual guiding their own behavior often in novel situations, it by nature is difficult to measure in a laboratory setting. The laboratory setting is structured which that may cause problems with proper testing measures especially when the participant is given rules or instructions.
As we learned in class the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is used to measure executive function. Usually in this task, an individual sorts cards by one rule and then is asked to switch to a different rule while still using the same cards. Previous studies have shown that very young children and individuals with frontal lobe damage are unable to make this switch and will continue sorting the cards based on the first rule. In this experiment, instead of explicitly being told the rule the participants quickly figured out the rule for sorting the cards from the experimenter’s responses. After the first rule is learned, the experimenter secretly changed the rule and participants must learn the new rule. The ability to switch from the old rule to the new rules shows is an important characteristic of executive functioning. Individuals that can make the switch between rules are initially slower to respond and make more errors when compared to their origi...
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...ult to read when specifically talking about the neuroscience side of things. This part of the article requires a much higher level of understanding that I currently have and there I was honestly unable to summarize it because I do not even understand what it is trying to say. However, it sounds very important. One of my major criticisms of this research is that I see absolutely no reason to be doing this research. I see no benefit to the world besides gaining knowledge for knowledge’s sake. The article did not talk about how to help people with executive function difficulties until the very end it even then it was only a small section of the conclusion. This kind of purely theoretical research angers me as great minds are wasting their time only to have their research learned and then forgot by some poor undergrad who actually wants to do something with their life.
Who suggested that “we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble”?
Chapter 4 discusses the several states of consciousness: the nature of consciousness, sleep and dreams, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Consciousness is a crucial part of human experience, it represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, omagine, and quietly relive experiences. William James described the mind as a stream of consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images thoughts, and feelings. Consciousness has two major parts: awareness and arousal. Awareness includes the awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. Arousal is the physiological state of being engaged with the environment. Theory of mind refers to individuals understanding that they and others think,
Touch---travels through spinal cord---into medulla---left side functions of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain and the right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain.
...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007).
Rabin et al. [2005] versus “most common” in Camara et al. [2000]), but it seems that neuropsychologists
Buddha, Confucius, and other lesser known Hebrew scholars philosophized on the mind in an expansive sense.
Kumar, S., Rao, S. L., Sunny, B., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2007) Widespread cognitive impairment
Historically, cognitive psychology was unified by an approach based on an resemblance between the mind and a computer, (Eysenck and Keane, 2010). Cognitive neuroscientists argue convincingly that we need to study the brain while people engage in cognitive tasks. Clearly, the internal processes involved in human cognition occur in the brain, and several sophisticated ways of studying the brain in action, including various imaging techniques, now exist, (Sternberg and Wagner, 1999, page 34).Neuroscience studies how the activity of the brain is correlated with cognitive operations, (Eysenck and Keane, 2010). On the other hand, cognitive neuropsychologists believe that we can draw general conclusions about the way in which the intact mind and brain work from mainly studying the behaviour of neurological patients rather than their physiology, (McCarthy and Warrington, 1990).
In this assignment I am going to introduce and unpack cognitive behavioural theory and psychodynamic theory. This will include the history of each theory and the theorists that discovered and developed both. I am going to link each theory to where they fit in Payne’s Triangle of Social Work as well as compare and contrast each theory. Both Cognitive behavioural theory and psychodynamic theory both support the purposes of social work in which I will cover beneath. This assignment will also include criticisms of both theories as well.
Neuroimaging studies have shown differences between monolinguals and bilinguals in the neural processing during executive function tasks, suggesting that bilingualism influences neural processes of executive functioning (e.g., Bialystok et al., 2005; Garbin et al., 2010; Luk, Anderson, Craik, Grady, & Bialystok, 2010; Rodríguez-Pujadas et al.,
Several acheivements occurred in the development of cognitive psychology. The study of neuroscience brings us to what we know about cognition today. Cognitive psychology came from the criticisms and flaws of behaviorism. The focus of behaviorism is on observable behaviors, although cognitive psychology became a means to studying mental processes. Cognitive psychology can answer the questions behaviorism could not provide. Behavioral observations are key factors in cognitive psychology, and help with interpreting mental processes and behaviors. Through studying mental processes cognitive psychologists’ expanded psychology through and beyond observations. Behavioral observations helps researchers test cognitive theories. Behaviorists study observable behavior and cognitive psychologists study the mental processes. When studying these processes, researchers attempt to explain how unobservable processes interact with the observable behaviors and helping cognitive psychologists test their theories in
Bio-Psychologists study the principles of biology as it relates to the comprehension of psychology in the field neuroscience that underlies ones emotions, ideology, and actions (Brittanica). Based upon the conduction of research, the relationship between the brain and ones behavior extends to the physiological process in one’s intellect. Scientists are cognizant that neurotransmitters function as a significant role in mood regulation and other aspects of psychological problems including depression and anxiety. A biological perspective are relevant to psychology in three techniques including: the comparative method, physiology, and the investigation of inheritance (Saul Mc. Leod).
Overall, this article was very informative. I believed Loftus and Bernstein did a great job analyzing these different methods of research. I would of like the article more if the findings in thus research were more elaborate on the process. Finally, the reader is left with various detailed procedures but no definite answer on how to really tell false or true memories.
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is often known as an ideal neuropsychological test of set-shifting ability. During the WCST a number of incentive cards are shown to the participant or patient, the participant is told to sort the cards in the correct order; without being told the correct order the participant is just told whether or not the order is right or wrong. Before they started using the computer based test the WCST used paper cards and was carried out with the experimenter on one side of the desk facing the participant on the other. The test takes approximately 10 - 20 minutes to carry out and generates a number of psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and
One of the more popular areas of psychology is Educational Psychology. Educational Psychology can be explained several ways. The idea is to study theories and concepts from different parts of psychology and apply them in educational settings. These educational settings may occur in different school settings such as preschool. The goal of educational psychology is to create a positive student-teacher relationship. Educational psychology uses five different types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and social cognitive, and constructivist in this research paper I will be briefly discussing each type of psychology listed above.