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Morality is a culture related argument
Arguments concerning religion
Cultural differences in morals
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Religions are found all around the world and are a central building block for the way people choose to live their lives. In the United States alone, 89% of the adult population admits to believing in some form of God or universal spirit (Lipka). This means there is a good chance that those who believe in God would panic and become defensive when they heard Russ Shafer-Landau use of the Euthyphro argument to show that the Divine Command Theory is false. However, they shouldn’t panic so quickly as Russ Shafer-Landau is only uses the argument as part of his paper to prove his main point that ethics can be objective, which means they exists beyond personal bias and interpretations. This does not mean that God doesn’t exists but only that there …show more content…
The purpose of the Euthyphro argument is to prove the Divine Command Theory false which states that an act is right (or wrong) if, and only if, God commands (or forbids). This opens up the possibility that the rightness and wrongness of actions does not solely rely on if God commands it or not. By proving that God does not have to determine if all actions are right or wrong it allows Russ Shafer-Landau to argue his idea that ethics can be objective. However, before all of these conclusions can be made there are premises in the Euthyphro argument which need to be addressed, the argument is stated …show more content…
Giving up on the idea that God created all right and wrong, theists can come to terms with objective morality while still believing in an all-powerful God. Since the Divine Command Theory states that an act is right (or wrong) if, and only if, God commands (or forbids) it is easy to disagree with this theory because it demands to much. To think that an act is right or wrong if and only if god commands or forbids it is much too specific with the information that we think we know about god. There are many different religions in the world and although nearly all of them share common rules/values as it comes to right and wrong subjective views are almost always included in those rules. When referencing only the Christian faith, The Bible is basically the rule book in which the Divine Command Theory is based from yet there are many different Christian religions that are based off The Bible that pick and choose what they like from it to support their beliefs. With this going on a theist wouldn’t be able to confirm or deny that an act is right or wrong only if God commands or forbids it because they don’t actually know what god thinks are moral and which are not. There is room for Russ Shafer-Landau’s objective ethics and theists belief in God to coexist when looking at
Certainly, Socrates’ arguments about the limitations of godly knowledge of the “moral good” devolve the idea of divine command as a cause of piety, but more importantly, it defines the philosophical evaluation of piety as a way to educate Euthyphro to analyze his pre-assumed beliefs with greater conviction. In this dialogue, the issue of the “moral good” becomes a more complex relationship between Euthyphro’s religious and moral perception of philosophy: “I told you a short while ago, Socrates, that it is a considerable task to acquire any precise knowledge of these things” (177). This new perspective defines the effectiveness of Socrates’ argument to dispel the overly confident assumption that the gods approve of piety, since piety has its own unique qualities that need to be defined. This moral and religious relationship is ambiguous because Socrates has opened the possibility of Euthyphro coming to his own conclusions about the gods and the “moral good”, which should be presumed by religious doctrines or in the divine command of the
The controversial topic involving the existence of God has been the pinnacle of endless discourse surrounding the concept of religion in the field of philosophy. However, two arguments proclaim themselves to be the “better” way of justifying the existence of God: The Cosmological Argument and the Mystical Argument. While both arguments attempt to enforce strict modus operandi of solidified reasoning, neither prove to be a better way of explaining the existence of God. The downfall of both these arguments rests on commitment of fallacies and lack of sufficient evidence, as a result sabotaging their validity in the field of philosophy and faith.
This leads to Socrates point that considering that the gods have different opinions as to what things are just and good that means they must approve of different things. Furthermore, as indicated by Euthyphro's definition of piety, those things would be viewed as both holy and unholy, since they are approved by a few of the gods and objected by different gods. Nonetheless, in Euthyphro's eyes he believes that most likely every one of the gods would concede on the fact that a man who murders somebody unjustifiably ought to have consequences. Socrates makes the point that the question doesn't emerge with respect to whether someone who has done something wrong ought to be punished, but as to whether the individual has in actuality acted
In the murder of Herodes, Antiphon is tasked with defending Euxitheus in a circumstantial case without any valid physical evidence and most importantly without the deceased person’s corpse. Taking this into consideration, I have chosen to highlight sections 9-11, which focuses on the illegal arrest and trial by the prosecution. Considering the lack of physical evidence, a direct and immediate attack to discredit the prosecution seems like a clever strategy. Euxitheus claims that although he is being tried for murder he “was denounced as a common criminal…something no one in this land has ever experienced before” (9). Euxitheus uses an emotional appeal by asking the jury to uphold the laws of the court and not allow the prosecution to treat him in an unprecedented and illegal way. I also think
In “Euthyphro” by Plato, the argument is based on what the definition of being holy is. Socrates is being charged with committing unholy actions. In order to win his case, he has to figure out exactly what makes something holy or unholy. He enlists Euthyphro to explain this to him. Euthyphro is supposed to be full of knowledge regarding this issue, but in reality he has no clue what he is talking about. Euthyphro changes his point of view during his explanations many times. Each time became slightly more confusing than the last.
In the reading and in lecture, it was established that Euthyphro has a dilemma with two very different theses. The first thesis is that Things are good because God loves them. What does this mean? I believe what the thesis is hinting at is that no one but God can define what is good or bad. Societal norms shape what we see as good, and what we see as bad. Perhaps God is the almighty author of the society. If He deems something to be good, then everyone accepts it. We cannot use our own judgment to determine one’s “goodness”. But in accordance with the theory, we cannot even control how we judge things. God has given us a predetermined outlook on life, and how we should view certain things. This kind of relates to what we talked about last week in lecture. If how we view things is predetermined, and we are not given the opportunity to make judgments on what is right or wrong, then our essence precedes our existence. In other words, we are not given the chance to form our own opinions, but rather accept what God has determined for us in life because he is almighty. The second thesis is much
The pervasive problem of evil in the world has pleagued the Christian faith that proclaim God as a good and perfect God. There has been a need for theist to address this issues as a disclaimer for those that use evil as an reason to disprove that God could be good, perfect or even exist. Therefore, theist theologians and philosophers have turned to theodicies to attempt to explain the problem of evil. Theodicy is an attempt to explain why God permits evil in the world. This essay will show the historical approach to theodicy, the opposition to said theodicies and why theodicies could still play an important role today.
The Divine Command theory of ethics is a theory that states that an act is right or wrong and good or bad based on whether or not God commands or prohibits us from doing it. This means that the only thing that makes an action morally wrong is because God says it is. There are two sides to this theory; the restricted and the unrestricted. The restricted theory basically says that an action is obligatory if and only if it is good and God commanded it; the unrestricted theory states that an act is only obligatory if it is commanded by God, it is not obligatory if it is prohibited by God and it is optional if and only if God has not commanded nor prohibited it.
By definition, ethics is what is and isn’t morally acceptable, and religion is a designed set of standards used to “worship” higher powers (“Ethics;” “Religion”). For centuries, people have argued about what it takes to be considered morally just and if it is related to religious beliefs or if it is a skill that all humans have adapted. After deep analysis of several different sources and examples were religions have tested the boundaries of morally acceptable behavior, it is clear that one doesn’t have to practice a religion to make ethical decisions.
The idea that the belief in God is necessary for an individual to have any moral basis would insinuate that the individual either has no reason to act moral, as they have no fear of the supposed spiritual consequences such as entrance to heaven or hell, or that they literally no idea as to what is morally right and wrong, due to the lack of God’s influence of their morality in their upbringing up to that point. This God is most commonly referred, or at least implied to be, the Christian God. Christians would point out that the entire reasoning behind labeling certain actions as either good or evil is because of the existence of God, as he and the bible set the moral standard in which actions are judged by. Posing the question of whether or not God is a necessity for morality brings up further, less easy to understand questions such as whether things have intrinsic value if there is no God, and if so, what things do have intrinsic value and why would they?
In God and Objective morality: A debate, Craig interprets the objective morality and states that the existence of God is the only foundation of objective morality. My purpose of this paper is to argue against Craig’s argument. My thesis is objective morality does exist in society to both theists and atheist, and the foundation of the moral value to individuals does not have to be God. For an atheist, God is also an abstract and not reliable foundation. Social harmony is the general foundation of moral value in modern society, and it is objective without the existence of God. In §1, I present the Craig’s argument and explain the motivation of each premise. §2, I present my critique and show that Craig’s argument fails. In §3, I defend against possible rebuttal.
We have examined the arguments for and against the Divine Command Theory. It has an interesting framework to it, especially the existence of God. However, that framework is rather fragile in the presence of the mammoth objections. The Euthyphro Dilemma specifically shatters this theory more than any other. In conclusion, I have found that the Divine Command Theory is implausible.
The ethical theory that I closely follow is the Divine Command Theory. Based on the ethic's definition handout for this course, the Divine Command Theory is, “a theological theory that God has created the laws of morality; in other words, something is right because God commands it. Opposed to natural law theory, which claims that God commands something because it is right” (University of Baltimore, 2017). I try to hold this theory close because I know I can't control my moral compass without a higher deity. For example, I try to practice integrity in my life. As I think back to one of the examples in our discussion forum where we shared about
The criticisms show that the many holes in this theory allow for room for revision, and with revision it can be more accommodating to a wider range of people. The criticism of moral atheists still poses a greater issue, but as for now it can be set aside as a separate matter of religious versus non-religious morality, which should be classified as two different systems because they rely on completely different sentiments. The Divine Command Theory has it’s place and can be used in biblical readings and religion-based governments to set a standard for a society to be held
Many of us have wondered about the role of a Deity, in defining our moral code, and this has been a subject of discourse among scholars and philosophers since centuries. Many define morality as the innate ability of the human conscience to draw input for decisions which they believe is present there by itself. While some say that the (belief on the) presence of God gives them strength and inspiration to overcome their inability to follow moral standards (which are already defined) especially when they conflict with their self-interests. Although, some people argue that social stimulus imposes limits to one’s actions even if God does not exist. However, a person is at absolute liberty to perform, whatsoever one wants to in the non-existence of God because one does not regard anything as right or wrong in absence of objective moral principles and does not fear any Divine judgement.