Kassie Bunch
Module 1 Essay, Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria, are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells, such as plants and animals. When it comes to their external structure, their biggest similarity is their plasma membrane. The plasma membrane, or cell membrane, is the structure that separates the external environment from the cell. The plasma membrane is made up of lipids, proteins, and phospholipids. The lipids form two layers and the proteins float within the lipid and thus forms the fluid mosaic structure. The proteins in the fluid mosaic structure are what carry out most of the functions of the membrane. Prokaryotic cells are substantially smaller than eukaryotic. They range from 0.2-2.0um in diameter whereas eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100um in diameter. Prokaryotic
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Internally, eukaryotes are much more complex than prokaryotes. The organelles within eukaryotes are membrane-bound and prokaryotic organelles are not. Eukaryotic organelles consist of lysosomes, rough and smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum), Golgi apparatus, endosomes, peroxisomes, and glyoxisomes. The function of endoplasmic reticulum is to manufacture lipids and proteins. They purpose of the Golgi apparatus is to transport materials throughout the cell. These are the complex cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotes. They also carry out cellular respiration via the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria fuel cell activities by making chemical energy. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants. They also have a complex cytoskeleton structure including microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. The cytoskeleton is responsible for shape, support, and movement throughout the cell. Eukaryotes also have the ability to undergo phagocytosis, which is the ability to ingest material within plasma membrane
There are many different cells that do many different things. But all of these cells fall into two categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and are larger in size than prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus, are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Two of their similarities are they both have DNA as their genetic material and are covered by a cell membrane.
Eukaryotic Cells are Deemed as a Result of the Evolution of Symbiotic Prokaryotes Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells over time have sustained very dynamic changes from one another. More specifically we have seen the appearance of a more complicated and organized cell structure, the nucleus. However the big question amongst scientists today is how did these changes first occur? A fundamental concept of this evolution is the belief in the natural progression 'from the simple, to the more complex.' However one popular theory that argues that Prokaryotic symbiosis was responsible for forming the Eukaryotic nucleus is the 'Endosymbiotic Theory' this theory was first proposed by a former Boston University Biologist known as Lynn Margulis in the 1960's.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum allows the cell to produce proteins. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is used in the detoxification processes in the cell and the transitional endoplasmic reticulum is used to breakdown glycogen to glucose. The endoplasmic reticulum is versatile and grows and shrinks according to the cell's activities. Chloroplasts which are found in plant cells are used in the process of photosynthesis. They fall into the category of plastids but they are differentiated in that they contain chlorophyll.
Title : With the aid of diagrams, compare the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. All the living beings are made up of cells. They contain a nucleus, which controls and performs their activities. The cells are divided into the two main categories depending on whether they contain nucleus or not. They are.
Organelles work together to carry out life processes and functions. Each organelle has a certain responsibility to carry out. Organelles are always working diligently to maintain a cell’s internal process and functions. Firstly, the “brain” of the cell is the nucleus. The nucleus administrates all of the cell activities. And, found within the nucleus there is genetic material called chromosomes. Secondly, the nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus. Additionally, the mitochondria makes ATP energy from food. The lysosomes has digestive enzymes that help break food down. Furthermore, the ribosomes make protein. Then, the Golgi apparatus process and package the
Eukaryotic cells share several distinguishing features, such as: cytoplasm within specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, chloroplast, the Golgi complex, both a rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope that isolates DNA from the cytoplasm, and a endomembrane system that provides structure and function to the organelles of the cell. Both the mitochondrion and chloroplast are energy transducing organelles, meaning that they transform energy from one form to another, and are believed to be evolved from free living prokaryotes as held by the theory of endosymbiosis. This theory suggests that infolding of the plasma membrane coupled with the absorption of a prokaryotic cells by other prokaryotes could evolve into a later, more complex and specialized type of cell and is proofed by related morphological features such as between cytobacteria and chloroplasts, and between mitochondria and aerobic prokaryotes. Further substantiation includes mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduction through binary fission like prokaryotes, the presence of DNA in both free living prokaryotes and in energy transducing organelles (apart from in the nucleus), protein synthesis and the presence of enzymes and ribosomes where the ribosomes of prokaryotes are comparable to those in mitochondria and chloroplast,
In the beginning of the creation of Earth volcanoes erupted all over the planet. During this period there was a time where a brief cooling period was allowed to take place. When this period took place evaporation caused a downpour of rain which flooded the ocean creating the ocean. At the time that ocean was averaged at 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Around this same time an asteroid so powerful hit the Earth knocking off a large chunk of it. This chunk became the moon which at the time was twice as close as it is today. The hitting of the planet Earth cause such a shake that many new undersea volcanoes began spewing forth molten rock and gasses. These gasses and other particles formed on the oceans surface and with the moon being so close were smashed together by strong and violent waves.
Eukaryotic cells, whether from animals, plants, protists, or fungi, are the most structurally advanced of the major cell types. Eukaryote are single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain nucleus and any other structures (organelles) enclosed within the membrane that perform specific functions. The surface of the cell is covered with a thin film or plasma membrane, which is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings. Plasma membranes are composed mostly of proteins and lipids (Simon, 02/2012, p. 59-60).
Ethics is most commonly thought of as rules for determining what is considered right and wrong. Most people are never formally taught the difference between the two, for it is something learned though experience, usually reinforced by parents and other adults throughout one’s childhood. It provides guidelines for responsible behavior, clearly identifying the acceptable from the unacceptable. However, how ethics is defined changes our values as a society evolve. Consequently, what is ethical is greatly determined by one’s perspective. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, an account of an African-American woman from Virginia, whose cancer cells were collected for research during her treatment for the cervical cancer that eventually took her
The organelle responsible for energy production in the cell is the mitochondria. Eukaryotic cells contain or have mitochondria. For the body to function all humans have mitochondria which makes living possible.
In the 1960s the HeLa cells were everywhere. In the 1960s the scientist wondered since the cells grew so fast and lived on earth so well if they would live in space. They got the idea to send the Hela cells to space. They sent several vials into space by the Discoverer XVII when it went. They discovered that when the HeLa cells went to space they became more powerful and divided faster every time they went to space. Several years later in 1965 they took equal amounts from the HeLa cells and cells from a mouse. The scientists done this to study to see what the genes would do. Harris also took HeLa cells and chicken cells, but they discovered they couldn’t reproduce.
Prokaryotic cells are much more easy in structure while eukaryotes can be a little more complicated. Prokaryotes do not possess a nucleus as stated above. Eukaryotes do possess a nucleus. They are also smaller than eukaryotic cells. While eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, prokaryotic cell do not. Prokaryote cells are made up of one cell. They reproduce through asexual reproduction. This reproduction process is called binary fission. Eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis or meiosis. Meiosis is the cause of cells that are sexually reproducing, while mitosis duplicates the initial cell. Ribosomes that are found in prokaryotes are much smaller than those found in eukaryotes. DNA, that prokaryotes possess, are single strands. DNA found in eukaryotes have many strands. Microtubules, which helps a cell replicate, are not found in prokaryotes, however, they are present in eukaryotes and help them in reproducing. Prokaryote cells are unicellular and eukaryote cells are mostly multi
Every cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic all contain basic cell parts. They are: a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (the genetic material), and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure and they are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. Also, most prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall. In addition to having the basic cell parts, eukaryotic cells also contain a membrane-bounded nucleus and cell organelles.
Prokaryotic cell: have no membrane covered organelles, they also have circular DNA and bacteria, Eukaryotic cell: have membrane covered organelles, they also have linear DNA and all other cells. Also the cell cycle is short in prokaryotic cells, roughly taking about 20-26 minutes to complete. And in eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is long, it usually takes about 12-24 hours to complete. Below is a table of some of the differences between the cells:
Plasma membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids which are a class of lipids and has many proteins embedded in it. The proteins have a function of providing support and shape to a cell. There are three different proteins in cell membranes (see appendix 1). The plasma membrane also regulates the entry and exit of the cell, as many molecules cross the cell membrane by osmosis and Prokaryotes include several kinds of microorganisms, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria. Eukaryotes include microorganisms as fungi, protozoa, and simple algae.