Purpose:
The purpose of this procedure was to use the carbohydrate sucrose in a fermentation reaction in order to produce ethanol.
Procedure:
Refer to handout, “Lab 12: Ethanol from Sucrose”
Discussion:
Based on the data obtained, Table 1 demonstrates that when obtaining the percent recovery of ethanol, 25% ethanol was obtained. This represents a relatively good percent recovery because ideally about 30.1% ethanol should have been produced. According to Chemspider, the density of ethanol is 0.8 g/〖 cm〗^3 and the density of water is 1.00 g/〖 cm〗^3. Therefore, all of the densities present in Table 1 may be incorrect due to a variety of reasons, such as incorrectly recording the mass or volume of the product. The volume could have been perceived as a different number because perception varies from person to person. However, the data results make sense because none of the densities reported were below 0.8g/〖 cm〗^3 or higher than 1.00 g/〖 cm〗^3, therefore, the data results were relatively accurate, but probably contained impurities.
In a practical application, fractional distillation could be used in environmental chemistry in order to
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In order to make sure that no sediment was transferred into the clear supernatant, brieflycentrifuge the supernatant. Another way to improve this procedure would be to collect 0.50 mL of supernatant using a 0.50 mL pipette; this would limit the amount of inaccurate readings of the volume. Ultimately, causing the densities to be more accurate. Additionally, to improve this procedure, two weeks could be allowed for the fermentation reaction to sit instead of one week. This is because one week is the minimum amount of time required to let a fermentation reaction sit. Therefore, the longer the reaction sits, the more likely it will be to obtain a high percent yield of
The data showed that alcohol negatively affects pepsin as when the alcohol concentration rose, the pepsin took longer to catalyse the protein. The results for 100% ethanol showed that the pepsin was not disturbed but after testing a strip in only pure ethanol it was discovered that the ethanol bleached the strip as it came up white not the light green it should be for negative. This test suggested that the reading for 100% ethanol was disturbed and therefore could not have been used as reliable
Distillation: the purification of an organic liquid compound utilizing each’s boiling points, along with evaporation and condensation.
Based on the data it appears that 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene had the highest retention time while 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene had the lowest retention time. The area of the 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene is the greatest at 46.75314%, followed by the area of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene at 16.59539%. The area of the methylenecyclohexane is the lowest at 1.99052%. The results seem to be accurate since the major products formed in this reaction are 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene and 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene. The GC shows that the areas for these two compounds are also the greatest. The minor product formed was methylenecylohexane and its area is the smallest based on the GC. Since it is a minor product, it is logical that it has the smallest observed area of all the products formed. The experiment was started with 6.678 grams of 2-methyl cyclohexanol. As such, based on the theoretical yield calculation, 5.590 grams of the final product should be obtained. In the experiment 3.810 grams of the final product were obtained giving a theoretical yield of 68.15%. Some explanations as to why the percent yield was not ideal could have been the reaction not going to completion during the reflux step, or some quantity of the product being lost when it was transferred from the receiving flask in the distillation apparatus, to the flask
Pour out the supernatant into a waste container, and resuspend the pellet in 250 µl Buffer P1. Vortex until the blue color disappears to ensure complete lysis of the bacterial cells.
In the process of primary fermentation the sucrose in converted into glucose and fructose and the gluc...
Contrary to the prediction, the volume of the main mixture in question, isopropyl alcohol & water was subtractive when mixed together. While the volumes of the two control groups were added to one another, the focus group lessened. This was measured with the 500mL measuring cup by using observational techniques to record the findings. Alas, the combination of water and isopropyl alcohol was confirmed
The percent yield of carvacrol was 163.97 percent. This indicates that the product weighted was not what was expected. This was expected, because multiple complications occurred during the stage of the experiment. The final product used to weigh was a yellow liquid, that smelt like ether. In the final step of the experiment, the removal of the ether, was not successful and as a result the percent yield was affected dramatically. The fail to remove the ether could be due to a mistake made during the liquid/liquid extraction. The organic layer and aqueous layer was mixed up during the first washing phase, and the aqueous layer ended up being washed with water. Once the mistake was realized, the organic layers collected were taken and washed. This mix up between the layers could have resulted in contamination of the organic layer, consequently affecting the product production. Another complication encountered during the course of the experiment was insufficient time to complete the lab. This was a result of many different factors. The time frame may
The objective of this experiment is to separate a liquid mixture of Ethyl Acetate and Toluene through the process of Fractional Distillation. It is also to determine the mixture composition and the physical properties of the two liquids. Fractional Distillation “is used to separate (purify) the different liquid components of a mixture.”1 This type of distillation differs from Simple Distillation in which the mixture being used “is composed largely of a single liquid component.”1 Both processes use the liquids boiling point for the purification. If a liquid is gathering and the temperature corresponds to the theoretical boiling point of the liquid, then that liquid is what is being collected. The theoretical plate is “Each section of the
In the figure below it demonstrates the path vapors in simple distillation column and fractionating distillation column take, it is taken from [14].
Usually, fractional distillation is used in the oil industry to take advantage of all the products that can be extracted from a crude oil. In a column distillation, at different temperature, we can obtain various compounds that we use in our daily life, such as gases(butane), petroleum (cars), naphtha (chemicals), kerosene (jet fuel), diesel (trucks), fuel oil (power station), and residue (roads, and bitumen).
By taking a Carbon Dioxide, rich substance and mixing it with a yeast, solution fermentation will occur, and then it could be determined if it is a good energy-producer. In this study glacatose, sucrose, glycine, glucose, and water were used to indicate how fast fermentation occurred. The overall result shows that monosaccharides in particular galactose and glucose were the best energy source for a cell.
Throughout this Extended Experimental Investigation, the factors influencing the production of wine will be explored and discussed, focusing primarily on the sugar content of the juice prior to fermentation. The sugar contents will be varied in order to achieve wines with different alcohol concentrations. Hence, it is vital to the success of the investigation that a broad knowledge of wine is obtained in order to explain and correctly justify the processes that will take place.
After having defined the structure of the extractive distillation process, the optimal values of the design and operating variables can be determined based on an optimization problem whose details will be discussed as follows.
...he results of the yogurt production after 3 days are as follows: the yogurt has a semi-solid texture, acidic smell, and a sour taste indicating that Lactic acid production took place. The wine production results after the same amount of time was as follows: the wine smells slightly of alcohol, the amount of liquid decreased, and some bubbling is still present; the balloon is currently inflated and producing carbon dioxide. Based on these results the ethanol fermentation was also successful. During both of these experiments fermentation took place, in the case of the yogurt the Lactic acid gave the yogurt a tart taste and smell, and in the Ethanol fermentation the wine smelled of alcohol and produced carbon dioxide indicated by the air in the balloon. In conclusion, NADH was oxidized and Lactic acid and ethanol were produced in both experiments through fermentation.
Europe and part of US mainly produce beet molasses, and remaining is only sugarcane molasses. Traditionally, molasses is classified as waste or by product of sugar factory and is used mainly for Animal feed additive and Alcohol production. It is predicted that around 80% of the total molasses is used for alcohol production whereas rest is used for animal feeds and other products. Molasses is a syrup, containing a mixture of uncrystallizable sugars, non-sugar solids originating from cane or beet, chemicals from the sugar manufacturing process and some water. The growing need of alcohol as motor-fuel additive has stressed the availability of raw materials, around the world. This has resulted in increased preciousness of every agro-based feedstock, which can be used for alcohol production. Molasses is a major feedstock for distilleries in the tropical and temperate regions globally. Advanced studies on molasses and technological improvements resulting in 5 to 10% increase in the alcohol yields can increase the alcohol production from same quantity of world molasses by 800 to 1000 million litres annually. There is an increasing demand for alcohol due to its export potential, portable uses, as a fuel blended with petrol and diesel and as a raw material for the rapidly advancing synthetic chemical industry. Production of Ethanol is renewable, agro-based and non-toxic. Hence there is scope for increase in the number of